Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge Dr. Steven T Leach PhD, School of Women's and Children's Health UNSW Medicine, Sydney Australia for his help with the statistical analysis of this study. In addition, we would like to thank Ms. Sam Ormond, a native English speaker with a BA in Communication Studies for her editorial assistance in improving the written English in this manuscript.
References
- Nurko S. Gastrointestinal manometry: methodology and indication. In: Kleinman RE, Goulet OJ, Mieli-Vergani G, Sanderson IR, Sherman PM, Shneider BL, eds. Walker's pediatric gastrointestinal disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 6th ed. Raleigh: People's Medical Publishing House, 2018.
- Chumpitazi B, Nurko S. Pediatric gastrointestinal motility disorders: challenges and a clinical update. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2008;4:140-8.
- Rommel N, Rayyan M, Scheerens C, Omari T. The potential benefits of applying recent advances in esophageal motility testing in patients with esophageal atresia. Front Pediatr 2017;5:137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00137
- Rommel N, Omari TI, Selleslagh M, Kritas S, Cock C, Rosan R, et al. High-resolution manometry combined with impedance measurements discriminates the cause of dysphagia in children. Eur J Pediatr 2015;174:1629-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-015-2582-9
- Hsing TY, Tsai IJ, Hsu CT, Wu JF. Role of esophageal manometry in children with refractory gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Pediatr Int 2019;61:807-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.13917
- Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, Gyawali CP, Roman S, Smout AJ, et al. The Chicago Classification of esophageal motility disorders, v3.0. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015;27:160-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12477
- Papadopoulou A, Koletzko S, Heuschkel R, Dias JA, Allen KJ, Murch SH, et al. Management guidelines of eosinophilic esophagitis in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58:107-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a80be1
- Pilic D, Frohlich T, Noh F, Pappas A, Schmidt-Choudhury A, Kohler H, et al. Detection of gastroesophageal reflux in children using combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH measurement: data from the German Pediatric Impedance Group. J Pediatr 2011;158:650-4.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.09.033
- Edeani F, Malik A, Kaul A. Characterization of esophageal motility disorders in children presenting with dysphagia using high-resolution manometry. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2017;19:13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-017-0549-x
- Gyawali CP, Bredenoord AJ, Conklin JL, Fox M, Pandolfino JE, Peters JH, et al. Evaluation of esophageal motor function in clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:99-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12071
- Zerbib F, Omari T. Oesophageal dysphagia: manifestations and diagnosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:322-31. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.195
- Halland M, Ravi K, Barlow J, Arora A. Correlation between the radiological observation of isolated tertiary waves on an esophagram and findings on high-resolution esophageal manometry. Dis Esophagus 2016;29:22-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/dote.12292
- von Arnim U, Kandulski A, Weigt J, Malfertheiner P. Correlation of high-resolution manometric findings with symptoms of dysphagia and endoscopic features in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Dis 2017;35:472-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000458407
- Ott DJ, Richter JE, Chen YM, Wu WC, Gelfand DW, Castell DO. Esophageal radiography and manometry: correlation in 172 patients with dysphagia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149:307-11. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.149.2.307
- Yamasaki T, Tomita T, Mori S, Takimoto M, Tamura A, Hara K, et al. Esophagography in patients with esophageal achalasia diagnosed with high-resolution esophageal manometry. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;24:403-9. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm17147
- Schima W, Stacher G, Pokieser P, Uranitsch K, Nekahm D, Schober E, et al. Esophageal motor disorders: videofluoroscopic and manometric evaluation--prospective study in 88 symptomatic patients. Radiology 1992;185:487-91. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.185.2.1410360
- Singendonk MM, Kritas S, Cock C, Ferris L, McCall L, Rommel N, et al. Applying the Chicago Classification criteria of esophageal motility to a pediatric cohort: effects of patient age and size. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26:1333-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12397
- Hong J. Clinical applications of gastrointestinal manometry in children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2014;17:23-30. https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2014.17.1.23
- Juzaud M, Lamblin MD, Fabre A, Alessandrini M, Baumstarck K, Bazin C, et al. Correlation between clinical signs and high-resolution manometry data in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019;68:642-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000002232
- Singendonk MMJ, Ferris LF, McCall L, Seiboth G, Lowe K, Moore D, et al. High-resolution esophageal manometry in pediatrics: effect of esophageal length on diagnostic measures. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020;32:e13721.
- Goldani HA, Staiano A, Borrelli O, Thapar N, Lindley KJ. Pediatric esophageal high-resolution manometry: utility of a standardized protocol and size-adjusted pressure topography parameters. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:460-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.656
- Staiano A, Boccia G, Miele E, Clouse RE. Segmental characteristics of oesophageal peristalsis in paediatric patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20:19-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00999.x
- Rosen JM, Lavenbarg T, Cocjin J, Hyman PE. Diffuse esophageal spasm in children referred for manometry. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013;56:436-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31827a7883
- Reas DL, Zipfel S, Ro O. Is it an eating disorder or achalasia or both? A literature review and diagnostic challenges. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2014;22:321-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2307
- van Lennep M, van Wijk MP, Omari TIM, Benninga MA, Singendonk MMJ. Clinical management of pediatric achalasia. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;12:391-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2018.1441023
- Hallal C, Kieling CO, Nunes DL, Ferreira CT, Peterson G, Barros SG, et al. Diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and associated diseases of achalasia in children and adolescents: a twelve-year single center experience. Pediatr Surg Int 2012;28:1211-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-012-3214-3
- Nikaki K, Rybak A, Nakagawa K, Rawat D, Yazaki E, Woodland P, et al. Rumination syndrome in children presenting with refractory gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2020;70:330-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000002569
- Krishnan U, Mousa H, Dall'Oglio L, Homaira N, Rosen R, Faure C, et al. ESPGHAN-NASPGHAN guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal and nutritional complications in children with esophageal atresia-tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016;63:550-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001401
- Lemoine C, Aspirot A, Le Henaff G, Piloquet H, Levesque D, Faure C. Characterization of esophageal motility following esophageal atresia repair using high-resolution esophageal manometry. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013;56:609-14. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182868773
- Faure C, Righini Grunder F. Dysmotility in esophageal atresia: pathophysiology, characterization, and treatment. Front Pediatr 2017;5:130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00130
- Gottrand M, Michaud L, Sfeir R, Gottrand F. Motility, digestive and nutritional problems in Esophageal Atresia. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016;19:28-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2015.11.005
- Tong S, Mallitt KA, Krishnan U. Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux by combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring and esophageal motility patterns in children with esophageal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2016;26:322-31. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564715
- Aspirot A, Faure C. Esophageal dysmotility: characterization and pathophysiology. Dis Esophagus 2013;26:405-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/dote.12058
- Gockel I, Rabe SM, Niebisch S. Before and after esophageal surgery: which information is needed from the functional laboratory? Visc Med 2018;34:116-21. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486556
- Loots C, van Herwaarden MY, Benninga MA, VanderZee DC, van Wijk MP, Omari TI. Gastroesophageal reflux, esophageal function, gastric emptying, and the relationship to dysphagia before and after antireflux surgery in children. J Pediatr 2013;162:566-73.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.045
- Gariepy CE, Mousa H. Clinical management of motility disorders in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 2009;18:224-38. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2009.07.004
- Singendonk MM, Smits MJ, Heijting IE, van Wijk MP, Nurko S, Rosen R, et al. Inter- and intrarater reliability of the Chicago Classification in pediatric high-resolution esophageal manometry recordings. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015;27:269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12488