DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

AI 음성 에이전트의 음성 특성에 대한 사용자 반응 연구

AI Voice Agent and Users' Response

  • 백승주 (고려대학교 미디어학과) ;
  • 정윤혁 (고려대학교 미디어학과)
  • 투고 : 2022.01.21
  • 심사 : 2022.04.22
  • 발행 : 2022.06.30

초록

Purpose As artificial intelligence voice agents (AIVA) have been widely adopted in services, diverse forms of their voices, which are the main interface with users, have been experimented. The purpose of this study is to examine how users evaluate vocal characteristics (gender, voice pitch, and voice pace) of AIVA, depending on prior research on human voice attractiveness. Design/methodology/approach This study employed an experimental survey which 516 participated in. Each participant was randomly assigned into one of eight situations (e.g., male - higher pitch - faster pace) and listened a AIVA voice sample, which introduce weather information. Next, a participant answered three consequence factors (attractiveness, trust, and anthropomorphism). Findings The results reveal that female voices of AIVA were perceived as more attractive and trustworthy than male voices. As far as voice pitch goes, while lower-pitch voices were preferred in female voices, higher-pitch voices were preferred in male voices. Finally, faster voices of AIVA were more attractive than slower voices.

키워드

과제정보

본 연구는 고려대학교 미디어학부 특별연구비 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임. 또한 이 논문은 2020년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 일반공동연구지원사업의 지원을 받아 수행되었음. (NRF-2020S1A5A2A03041137).

참고문헌

  1. 강길호, 김현주, "커뮤니케이션과 사람," 서울: 한나래, 1995.
  2. 고영태, "너는 아니? 중성 목소리... AI가 여성 목소리인 이유," Mar. 2019, , https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=4191793.
  3. 구본권, "[ESC]왜 음성비서는 여성 목소리일까," April 2019, <한겨레>. Retrived from http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/specialsection/esc_section/889562.html
  4. 권순복, "준 언어적 구성 요소를 통한 매력적인 목소리 분석과 호감도에 관한 실험 연구," 언어치료연구, 제24권, 제1호, 2015, pp. 157-167. https://doi.org/10.15724/JSLHD.2015.24.1.013013
  5. 김광모, 최희원, 권송일, "사회적 실재감이 온라인 커뮤니티 지속사용의도에 미치는 영향," 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 제14권, 제2호, 2014, pp. 131-145. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2014.14.02.131
  6. 김동환, 최상욱, "소셜 로봇의 자기의식 표현이 로봇의 호감도에 미치는 효과 연구," 정보과학회논문지 제46권 제7호, 2019, pp. 653-663.
  7. 김상현, 오상현, "고객재구매의도, 결정요인에 관한 연구," 마케팅연구, 제17권, 제2호, 2002, pp. 25-55.
  8. 김우룡, 장소원, "비언어적 커뮤니케이션론," 서울: 나남출판, 2004.
  9. 김정현, 최준호, "대화형 에이전트의 추천 전략이 음성쇼핑경험에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구," 사이버커뮤니케이션학보, 제35권, 제4호, 2018, pp. 5-35.
  10. 김진솔, 손새아, 김희웅, "운동에 영향을 끼치는 피트니스 앱 요인 연구," 정보시스템연구, 제29권, 제4호, 2020, pp. 1~24.
  11. 박란희, 이시훈, "목소리 구성 요소의 커뮤니케이션 효과에 관한 연구," 스피치와 커뮤니케이션, 제11권, 2009, pp. 293-327.
  12. 박종화, 김민성, 김정환, "언론은 인공지능(AI)을 어떻게 다루는가?: 뉴스 빅데이터를 통한 한국과 미국의 보도 경향 분석," 정보시스템연구, 제31권, 제1호, 2022, pp. 175-195
  13. 오경아, "남성이 여성 음역대로 노래 부를 수 있을까," <중앙일보>. Mar, 2013, Retrived from https://jhealthmedia.joins.com/article/article_view.asp?pno=8252.
  14. 오석영, "설교에 있어서 비언어적 커뮤니케이션의 효과성에 관한 연구," 목원대학교 신학대학원 석사학위논문, 1997.
  15. 이슬기, 남영자, "인공지능 스피커 성별이 마음챙김 명상 사용자에게 미치는 영향," 한국디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지, 제21권, 제9호, 2020, pp. 1645-1652.
  16. 이유나, 허경호, "발표상황에서 발표자의 비언어적 요소가 발표자의 이미지 평가 및 메시지 인지도에 미치는 영향," 한국소통학보, 제10권, 2008, pp. 38-72.
  17. 이준상, 박준홍, "제품디자인 혁신성이 호감도와 구매 의도에 미치는 영향 -블루투스 스피커를 중심으로," 한국정보통신학회논문지, 제25권, 제2호, 2021, pp. 228-233. https://doi.org/10.6109/JKIICE.2021.25.2.228
  18. 임종수, 최진호, 이혜민, "AI 미디어와 의인화: AI 음성 대화형 에이전트의 의인화 평가척도 개발 연구," 한국언론학보, 제64권, 제4호, 2020, pp. 436-470.
  19. 최정건, 김명석, "로봇 디자인에서 의인화 기법의 활용 평가 방법에 관한 연구," HCI2008 학술대회 발표논문집, 2008, pp. 976-980.
  20. 최지현, 조동욱, 정연만, "음성 분석을 이용한 청자가 호감을 느끼는 목소리에 대한 규명," 한국통신학회논문지, 제41권, 제1호, 2016, pp. 122-131. https://doi.org/10.7840/kics.2015.41.1.122
  21. 하보미, 허명진, "음도, 발화 속도, 강도가 화자의 말소리 인식에 미치는 영향," 언어치료연구, 제27권, 제3호, 2018, pp. 45-54. https://doi.org/10.15724/JSLHD.2018.27.1.004
  22. 황보명, 한의진, "목소리로 연상되는 이미지에 관한 연구," 연어치료연구, 제24권, 제4호, 2015, pp. 249-257.
  23. Amin, M. E., "Social Science Research: Conception, Methodology and Analysis," Makerere University Press, Kampala, 2005.
  24. Aronovitch, C., "The Voice of Personality: Judgments and the Relation to Voice Quality and Sex of Speaker," Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 99, No. 2, 1976, pp. 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1976.9924774
  25. Bartneck, C., Kulic, D., Croft, E., and Zoghbi, S., "Measurement Instruments for the Anthropomorphism, Animacy, Likeability, Perceived Intelligence, and Perceived Safety of Robots," International Journal of Social Robotics, Vol. 1, 2009, pp. 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-008-0001-3
  26. Birdwhistell, R. L., "Communication without Words," L'aventure humaine, Paris, Socidtd d'Etudes Litttraires et Artistiques, 1964.
  27. Breazeal, C., "Emotion and Sociable Humanoid Robots," International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Vol. 59, No. 1, 2003. pp. 119-155 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819(03)00018-1
  28. Collins, S., and Missing, C., "Vocal and Visual Attractiveness are Related in Women," Animal Behaviour, Vol. 65, No, 5, 2003, pp. 997-998. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2003.2123
  29. Tung, F. W., "Child Perception of Humanoid Robot Appearance and Behavior," International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 32, No. 6, 2016, pp. 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2016.1172808
  30. Gefen, D., and Straub, D., "Consumer trust in B2C e-Commerce and the Importance of Social Presence: Experiments in e-Products and e-Services," Omega. Vol. 32, 2004, pp. 407-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2004.01.006
  31. Guzman, A. L., "Voices in and of the Machine: Source Orientation toward Mobile Virtual Assistants," Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 90, 2019, pp. 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.009
  32. Lee., H. E., "Why do Voice Activated Technologies Sound Female?: Sound Technology and Gendered Voice of Digital Voice Assistants," Korean Journal of Communication & Information, Vol. 90, 2018, pp. 126-153. https://doi.org/10.46407/kjci.2018.08.90.126
  33. Kong, H. S., Song, E. J., and Kang., M. S., "Consumer Interest Areas and Attention to Bluetooth Product Advertising Design," Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 10, 2015, pp. 2241- 2246. https://doi.org/10.6109/JKIICE.2015.19.10.2241
  34. Haslam, N., and Loughnan, S., "Dehumanization and Infrahumanization," Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 65, 2014, pp. 399-423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045
  35. Ho, C., and MacDorman, K., "Revisiting the Uncanny Valley Theory: Developing and Validating an Alternative to the Godspeed Indices," Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 6, 2010, pp. 1508-1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.015
  36. Johnson, C. D., Bauer, B. C., and Singh, N., "Exploring Flow in the Mobile Interface Context," Journal of Retailing Consumer Services, Vol. 53, 2020, 101744 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.01.013
  37. Jones, B., Feinberg, D., Debruine, L., Little, A., and Vukovic, J., "Integrating Cues of Social Interest and Voice Pitch in Men's Preferences for Women's Voices," Biology Letters, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2008, pp. 192-194.
  38. Jung Y., Cho, E., and Kim, S., "Users' Affective and Cognitive Responses to Humanoid Robots in Different Expertise Service Contexts," Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, Vol. 24, No. 5, 2021, pp. 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0170
  39. Furumo, K., and Pearson., J. M., "Gender-based Communication Styles, Trust, and Satisfaction in Virtual Teams," Journal of Information, Information Technology & Organizations, Vol. 2, 2007, pp. 47-60. https://doi.org/10.28945/138
  40. Kim, M., and Na, E., "Effects of Nonverbal Communication in National Assembly Candidates' Broadcasted Speech on Viewers Depending on Involvement," Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2005, pp. 42-103.
  41. Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., and Jochems, W., "Identifying the Pitfalls for Social Interaction in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Environments: A Review of the Research," Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2003, pp. 335-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00057-2
  42. Kwon, S., "Characteristics of the Auditory Evaluation of Good Impression Using Speech Manipulation Scripts," Phonetics and Speech Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2016, pp. 131-138. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2016.8.4.131
  43. Labarbera, P., and Maclachlan, J., "Time-Compressed Speech in Radio Advertising," Journal of Marketing, Vol. 43, No. 1, 1979, pp. 30-36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1250755
  44. Lee S., Ratan R., and Park T., "The Voice Makes the Car: Enhancing Autonomous Vehicle Perceptions and Adoption Intention through Voice Agent Gender and Style," Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol. 3, No. 20, 2019.
  45. McKnight D. H., "Trust in Information Technology," In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management, Management Information Systems, Vol. 7 (pp. 329-331), Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
  46. Mehrabian, A., Nonverbal Communication, Chicago: Aldine Antherton, 1972.
  47. Mehrabian, A., Williams, M., "Nonverbal Concomitants of Perceived and Intended Persuasiveness," Journaml of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1969, pp.13, 37-58.
  48. Meet Q, Meet Q: The First Genderless Voice. 01, Mar. 2019, Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jasEIteA3Ag
  49. Mori, M., "The Uncanny Valley. Energy," IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1970, pp. 33-35. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.1970.5213325
  50. Shechtman, N., and Horowitz, L. M., "Media Inequality in Conversation: How People Behave Differently when Interacting with Computers and People," In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human, 2003.
  51. Street., R., Brady., R. "Speech Rate Acceptance Range as a Facter of Evaluative Domain, Listner Speech Rate and Communication Context." Communication Monograph, Vol. 49, 1982, pp. 290-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758209376091
  52. Gefen D, Karahanna E, and Straub D. W., "Trust and TAM in Online Shopping: An Integrated Model," MIS Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2003, pp. 51-90 https://doi.org/10.2307/30036519
  53. Smith, B., Brown, B., Strong, W., and Rencher, A., "Effects of Speech Rate on Personality Perception," Language and Speech, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1975, pp. 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383097501800203
  54. S. Y. Kuh., "Behavioral Intentions of Luxury Brands: Structual Relations among the Influences Focusing on the Theory of Reasoned Action," Journal of Industrial Economics and Business, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2015, pp. 2789-2815.
  55. Street, R., and Hopper, R., A Model of Speech Style Valuation, London: Edward Arnold, 1982.
  56. Jeong, Y., Park, D. E., Yoon, J., and Jang, M. K. "Exploring Effects of Dialect on User Perception of Conversational Agents," Journal of Digital Contents Society, Vol. 20, No. 7, 2019, pp. 1439-1446. https://doi.org/10.9728/dcs.2019.20.7.1439
  57. Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M., et al., "Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-control: A Limited Resource Account of Decision Making, Self-regulation, and Active Initiative," Journal Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 94, No. 5, 2008, pp. 883-898. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.883
  58. Wang, W, and Benbasat I., "Trust in and Adoption of Online Recommendation Agents," Journal of the AIS, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2005, DOI: 10.17705/1jais.00065