The Korean Journal of Pain

The Korean Pain Society (대한통증학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Identification of cranial nerve ganglia using sectioned images and three-dimensional models of a cadaver

  • Kim, Chung Yoh (Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Jin Seo (Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine) ;
  • Chung, Beom Sun (Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine)
  • Received : 2022.01.12
  • Accepted : 2022.04.06
  • Published : 2022.07.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Cranial nerve ganglia, which are prone to viral infections and tumors, are located deep in the head, so their detailed anatomy is difficult to understand using conventional cadaver dissection. For locating the small ganglia in medical images, their sectional anatomy should be learned by medical students and doctors. The purpose of this study is to elucidate cranial ganglia anatomy using sectioned images and three-dimensional (3D) models of a cadaver. Methods: One thousand two hundred and forty-six sectioned images of a male cadaver were examined to identify the cranial nerve ganglia. Using the real color sectioned images, real color volume model having a voxel size of 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.4 mm was produced. Results: The sectioned images and 3D models can be downloaded for free from a webpage, anatomy.dongguk.ac.kr/ganglia. On the images and model, all the cranial nerve ganglia and their whole course were identified. In case of the facial nerve, the geniculate, pterygopalatine, and submandibular ganglia were clearly identified. In case of the glossopharyngeal nerve, the superior, inferior, and otic ganglia were found. Thanks to the high resolution and real color of the sectioned images and volume models, detailed observation of the ganglia was possible. Since the volume models can be cut both in orthogonal planes and oblique planes, advanced sectional anatomy of the ganglia can be explained concretely. Conclusions: The sectioned images and 3D models will be helpful resources for understanding cranial nerve ganglia anatomy, for performing related surgical procedures.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported (in part) by the Yonsei University Wonju Campus Future-Leading Research Initiative of 2021 (2021-52-0057) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2021R1G1A1092673 and 2021R1F1A1063044).

References

  1. Saremi F, Helmy M, Farzin S, Zee CS, Go JL. MRI of cranial nerve enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185: 1487-97. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.04.1518
  2. VandeVyver V, Lemmerling M, Van Hecke W, Verstraete K. MRI findings of the normal and diseased trigeminal nerve ganglion and branches: a pictorial review. JBR-BTR 2007; 90: 272-7.
  3. Khonsary SA, Ma Q, Villablanca P, Emerson J, Malkasian D. Clinical functional anatomy of the pterygopalatine ganglion, cephalgia and related dysautonomias: a review. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4(Suppl 6): S422-8.
  4. An JX, Liu H, Chen RW, Wang Y, Zhao WX, Eastwood D, et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous ozone injection of the Gasserian ganglion for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. J Pain Res 2018; 11: 255-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S140369
  5. Rusu MC, Pop F, Curca GC, Podoleanu L, Voinea LM. The pterygopalatine ganglion in humans: a morphological study. Ann Anat 2009; 191: 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2008.09.008
  6. Senger M, Stoffels HJ, Angelov DN. Topography, syntopy and morphology of the human otic ganglion: a cadaver study. Ann Anat 2014; 196: 327-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2014.05.039
  7. Bratbak DF, Folvik M, Nordgard S, Stovner LJ, Dodick DW, Matharu M, et al. Depicting the pterygopalatine ganglion on 3 Tesla magnetic resonance images. Surg Radiol Anat 2018; 40: 689-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-017-1960-6
  8. Kim CY, Jung YW, Park JS. The Visible Korean: movable surface models of the hip joint. Surg Radiol Anat 2021; 43: 559-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-021-02697-7
  9. Chung BS, Park JS. Real-color volume models made from real-color sectioned images of Visible Korean. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34: e86. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e86
  10. You Y, Kim CY, Kim SK, Chung BS, Har D, Choi J, et al. Advanced-sectioned images obtained by microsectioning of the entire male body. Clin Anat 2022; 35: 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23795
  11. Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB, Lee YS, Har DH, Park HS. Visible Korean human: improved serially sectioned images of the entire body. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2005; 24: 352-60. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2004.842454
  12. Tesapirat L, Jariyakosol S, Chentanez V. Morphometric study of the ciliary ganglion and its pertinent intraorbital procedure. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2020; 79: 438-44. https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2019.0112
  13. Moore KL, Dalley AF 2nd, Agur AM. Clinically oriented anatomy. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2018, pp 1956-7.
  14. Hamzaoglu V, Beger O, Erdogan O, Kara E, Vayisoglu Y, Taghipour P, et al. Radioanatomic assessment of the geniculate ganglion dehiscence and dimension: a cadaveric study. World Neurosurg 2020; 134: e913-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.036
  15. Piagkou M, Demesticha T, Troupis T, Vlasis K, Skandalakis P, Makri A, et al. The pterygopalatine ganglion and its role in various pain syndromes: from anatomy to clinical practice. Pain Pract 2012; 12: 399-412. Erratum in: Pain Pract 2012; 12: 673. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00507.x
  16. Spock T, Hoffman HT, Joshi AS. Transoral submandibular ganglion neurectomy: an anatomical feasibility study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 124: 341-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489414557019
  17. Zhang L, Chen S, Sun Y. Mechanism and prevention of spiral ganglion neuron degeneration in the cochlea. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15: 814891. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.814891
  18. Guillotte A, Zand A, Ortiz M, Gan Y, Rivera A, Litofsky NS, et al. Clinical outcomes of resecting scarpa's ganglion during vestibular schwannoma surgery. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 76: 114-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.029
  19. Franzini A, Messina G, Franzini A, Marchetti M, Ferroli P, Fariselli L, et al. Treatments of glossopharyngeal neuralgia: towards standard procedures. Neurol Sci 2017; 38(Suppl 1): 51-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-2909-6
  20. de Bree R, van der Waal I, Leemans CR. Management of Frey syndrome. Head Neck 2007; 29: 773-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.20568
  21. Crespi J, Bratbak D, Dodick DW, Matharu MS, Senger M, Angelov DN, et al. Anatomical landmarks for localizing the otic ganglion: a possible new treatment target for headache disorders. Cephalalgia Rep 2019. doi: 10.1177/2515816319850761.
  22. Crespi J, Bratbak D, Dodick DW, Matharu M, Solheim O, Gulati S, et al. Open-label, multi-dose, pilot safety study of injection of onabotulinumtoxinA toward the otic ganglion for the treatment of intractable chronic cluster headache. Headache 2020; 60: 1632-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13889
  23. Miller RB, Boon MS, Atkins JP, Lowry LD. Vagal paraganglioma: the Jefferson experience. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 122: 482-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0194-5998(00)70088-X
  24. Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB, Lee YS, Har DH. Technical report on semiautomatic segmentation using the Adobe Photoshop. J Digit Imaging 2005; 18: 333-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-005-6704-1
  25. Archie KA, Marcus DS. DicomBrowser: software for viewing and modifying DICOM metadata. J Digit Imaging 2012; 25: 635-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-012-9462-x
  26. Li X, Morgan PS, Ashburner J, Smith J, Rorden C. The first step for neuroimaging data analysis: DICOM to NIfTI conversion. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 264: 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.03.001
  27. Sinnreich Z, Nathan H. The ciliary ganglion in man (anatomical observations). Anat Anz 1981; 150: 287-97.
  28. Tubbs RS, Mortazavi MM, Krishnamurthy S, Verma K, Griessenauer CJ, Cohen-Gadol AA. The relationship between the superior petrosal sinus and the porus trigeminus: an anatomical study. J Neurosurg 2013; 119: 1221-5. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.4.JNS122062
  29. Lan MY, Shiao JY. Using greater superficial petrosal nerve and geniculate ganglion as the only two landmarks for identifying internal auditory canal in middle fossa approach. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267: 1867-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-010-1328-6
  30. Rong Z, Zixiang Y, Chang L, Guoxing X, Sheng Z, Yuanteng X, et al. Lacrimal hyposecretion: a surgical complication of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Am J Otolaryngol 2008; 29: 367-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2007.10.006
  31. Siessere S, Vitti M, Sousa LG, Semprini M, Iyomasa MM, Regalo SC. Anatomic variation of cranial parasympathetic ganglia. Braz Oral Res 2008; 22: 101-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242008000200002
  32. Mei X, Glueckert R, Schrott-Fischer A, Li H, Ladak HM, Agrawal SK, et al. Vascular supply of the human spiral ganglion: novel three-dimensional analysis using synchrotron phase-contrast imaging and histology. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 5877. Erratum in: Sci Rep 2020; 10: 7681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62653-0
  33. Wu YW, Karandikar A, Goh JP, Tan TY. Imaging features differentiating vestibular ganglion from intracanalicular schwannoma on single-sequence non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging study. Ann Acad Med Singap 2020; 49: 65-71. https://doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2019156
  34. Mancall EL, Brock DG. Cervical plexus. In: Gray's clinical neuroanatomy: the anatomic basis for clinical neuroscience. Edited by Mancall EL, Brock DG. Philadelphia, Elsevier Health Sciences. 2011, pp 315-7.
  35. Tepper SJ, Caparso A. Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG): stimulation mechanism, safety, and efficacy. Headache 2017; 57 Suppl 1: 14-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13035
  36. Tolba R, Weiss AL, Denis DJ. Sphenopalatine ganglion block and radiofrequency ablation: technical notes and efficacy. Ochsner J 2019; 19: 32-7. https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.18.0163
  37. Crespi J, Bratbak D, Dodick D, Matharu M, Jamtoy KA, Tronvik E. Prediction of the sphenopalatine ganglion localization in computerized tomography images. Cephalalgia Rep 2019. doi: 10.1177/2515816318824690.
  38. Song MH, Lee HY, Jeon JS, Lee JD, Lee HK, Lee WS. Jugular foramen schwannoma: analysis on its origin and location. Otol Neurotol 2008; 29: 387-91. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318164cb83
  39. Roh TH, Oh JW, Jang CK, Choi S, Kim EH, Hong CK, et al. Virtual dissection of the real brain: integration of photographic 3D models into virtual reality and its effect on neurosurgical resident education. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 51: E16.