Economic and Environmental Geology (자원환경지질)

The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental Geology (대한자원환경지질학회)
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Depositional Processes of Pyroclastic Density Currents in Lacustrine Environments: An Example from the Cretaceous Jeonggaksan Formation in Danjang-myeon, Miryang City

호수 내 화쇄밀도류의 퇴적과정: 밀양시 단장면 일원 백악기 정각산층의 예

  • Gihm, Yong Sik (Department of Geology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Park, Seung-Ik (Department of Geology, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2022.05.19
  • Accepted : 2022.06.27
  • Published : 2022.06.28
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Abstract

We studied the Cretaceous Jeonggaksan Formation to determine depositional processes of pyroclastic density currents entering into the lacustrine environments. This formation is composed largely of sandstone-mudstone couplets and (tuffaceous) normally graded sandstones deposited in lacustrine environments, interbedded with two pyroclastic beds: welded massive lapilli tuff and normally graded lapilli tuff. The welded massive lapilli tuff (10 m thick) is composed of poorly sorted, structureless lapilli supported by a welded ash matrix. The normally graded lapilli tuff (4 m thick) is characterized by moderately to well sorted natures and multiple normally graded divisions in the lower part of the bed with internal boundaries. The contrasting depositional features between these lapilli tuff are suggestive of different physical characteristics and depositional processes of pyroclastic density currents in the lake. Overall poorly sorted and massive natures of the thick, welded massive lapilli tuff are interpreted to have been formed by rapid settling of pyroclastic sediments from highly concentrated and sustained pyroclastic density currents. In this case, the pyroclastic density currents were able to displace lake water from shoreline and the pyrolclastic density currents preserved their own heat except for frontal parts of the currents. As a result, welded textures can be formed despite entrance of pyroclastic density currents into the lake. The internal boundaries of the normally graded lapilli tuff reflect unsteady natures of the pyroclastic density currents at the time of the deposition and the pyroclastic density currents can not provide sufficient pressure to displace lake water. As a consequence, the pyroclastic density currents transformed into water-saturated turbidity currents, forming relatively well sorted, normally graded lapilli tuff.

호수 내 화쇄밀도류의 퇴적과정을 이해하기 위하여 밀양시 단장면에 분포하는 백악기 정각산층에 대해 퇴적학적 연구를 수행하였다. 연구지역의 정각산층은 호수에서 형성된 이암-사암 호층 및 (응회질)점이층리 사암으로 주로 구성되며, 이들 퇴적암은 화쇄밀도류에 의해 형성된 용결화산력응회암 및 점이층리 화산력응회암과 교호하고 있다. 두께가 10 m인 용결화산력응회암은 분급이 불량하고 괴상인 화산력과 화산재로 구성되며 용결구조가 발달한다. 점이층리 화산력응회암은 약 4 m의 두께로 분급이 보통이거나 양호하며, 층의 하부에 수매의 점이층리 구간이 내부경계면과 함께 나타난다. 상이한 퇴적상을 보이는 화산력응회암은 호수로 유입된 화쇄밀도류의 물리적 특성 및 퇴적과정에 차이가 있음을 의미한다. 약 10 m에 걸쳐 괴상이며 분급이 불량한 특징은 용결응회암이 고농도의 화쇄밀도류에 의해 지속적으로 퇴적되었음을 지시한다. 이 경우, 화쇄밀도류의 전면부는 호안에서부터 물을 지속적으로 밀어내어 화쇄밀도류의 전면부를 제외하고는 물과 직접 접촉하지 않아 열을 보존할 수 있어 용결조직이 형성된 것으로 해석된다. 이와 달리 점이층리 화산력응회암의 내부경계면은 점이층리 화산력응회암을 퇴적시킨 화쇄밀도류가 비지속성흐름을 보였음을 지시하며, 이 경우 호안에서 물을 지속적으로 밀어낼 수 없게 된다. 그 결과, 호수로 유입된 화쇄밀도류는 빠르게 물에 의해 포화되어 저탁류로 변화하여 점이층리 화산력응회암이 형성되었다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 경북대학교 2019학년 신임교수정착연구비에 의하여 연구되었습니다. 유익한 조언 및 제안을 보내주신 두 분의 심사위원과 편집위원께 감사드립니다.

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