Nuclear Engineering and Technology

Korean Nuclear Society (한국원자력학회)
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Experimental assessment of thermal radiation effects on containment atmospheres with varying steam content

  • R. Kapulla (Paul Scherrer Institute) ;
  • S. Paranjape (OST - Ostschweizer Fachhochschule Department Technik) ;
  • U. Doll (Paul Scherrer Institute) ;
  • E. Kirkby (Paul Scherrer Institute) ;
  • D. Paladino (Paul Scherrer Institute)
  • Received : 2022.03.07
  • Accepted : 2022.07.01
  • Published : 2022.11.25
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Abstract

The thermal-hydraulics phenomena in a containment during an accident will necessarily include radiative heat transfer (i) within the gas mixture due to the high radiative absorption and emission of steam and (ii) between the gas mixture and the surrounding structures. The analysis of some previous PANDA experiments (PSI, Switzerland) demonstrated the importance of the proper modelling of radiation for the benefit of numerical simulations. These results together with dedicated scoping calculations conducted for the present experiments indicated that the radiative heat transfer is considerable, even for a very low amount of steam (≈2%). The H2P2 series conducted in the large-scale PANDA facility at the Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI) in the framework of the OECD/NEA HYMERES-2 project is intended to enhance the understanding of thermal radiation phenomena and to provide a benchmark for corresponding numerical simulations. Thus, the test matrix was tailored around the two opposite extremes: either gas compositions with small steam content such that radiative heat transfer phenomena can be neglected. Or gas mixtures containing larger amounts of steam, so that radiative heat transfer is expected to play a dominant role. The H2P2 series consists of 5 experiments designed to isolate the radiation phenomena from convective and diffusive effects as much as possible. One vessel with a diameter of 4 m and a height of 8 m was preconditioned with different mixtures of air / steam at room and elevated temperatures. This was followed by the build-up of a stable helium stratification at constant pressure in the upper part of the vessel. After that, helium was injected from the top into the vessel which leads to an increase of the vessel pressure and a corresponding elevation-dependent and transient rise of the gas temperature. It is shown that even the addition of small amounts of steam in the initial gas atmosphere considerably impacts the radiative heat transport throughout all phases of the experiments and markedly influences i) the monitored gas peak temperature, ii) the temperature history during the compression and iii) the following relaxation phase after the compression was stopped. These PANDA experiments are the first of its kind conducted in a large scale thermal-hydraulic facility.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Max Fehlmann (25. May 1960; †30.11.2021) and Simon Suter for their engaged support in conducting the experiments. Without their profound knowledge of the PANDA facility and their ability to find practical technical solutions to whatever scientific perspective, it would not have been possible to obtain the results documented in this article. The authors also would like to thank the members of the Management Board and the Program Review Group of the OECD/NEA HYMERES-2 project for their help in defining the test program and evaluating the results.

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