DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extract

  • Jeong Min Lee (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea) ;
  • Mi-Jin Yim (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea) ;
  • Hyun-Soo Kim (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea) ;
  • Seok-Chun Ko (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea) ;
  • Ji-Yul Kim (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea) ;
  • Gun-Woo Oh (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea) ;
  • Kyunghwa Baek (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea) ;
  • Dae-Sung Lee (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea)
  • Received : 2022.09.29
  • Accepted : 2022.10.29
  • Published : 2022.11.30

Abstract

Research on the potential biological activity of red alga Symphyocladia spp. has been limited to Symphyocladia latiuscula, which is widely used as a food ingredient in Korea. Here, we examined the biological activity of another species, Symphyocladia linearis, which is found in Korea and was reported as a new species in 2013. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of a 70% ethanol extract of S. linearis. Antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using radical scavenging assays, revealed half maximal inhibitory concentration values for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) of 34.57 and 11.70 ㎍/mL algal extract, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of the S. linearis ethanolic extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells by measuring the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. The potential cytotoxicity of NO and PGE2 was first examined, confirming no toxicity at concentrations ranging from 10-100 ㎍/mL. NO production was inhibited 61.1% and 78.0% at 50 and 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract, respectively; and PGE2 production was inhibited 69.1%, 83.2%, and 94.8% at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract, respectively. Thus, the S. linearis extract showed very strong efficacy against PGE2 production. The cellular production of reactive oxygen species, measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence, was inhibited 48.8% by the addition of 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). S. linearis was effective only against gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 256 ㎍/mL extract and against Bacillus cereus with a MIC of 1,024 ㎍/mL extract. Based on these results, we infer that a 70% ethanolic extract of S. linearis possesses strong anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore has the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea Research Program (2022M00500).

References

  1. Al-Zoreky NS. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;134:244-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.002
  2. Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958;181:1199-200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  3. Cho ML, Lee DJ, You SG. Radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts and solvent partitioned fractions from various red seaweeds. Ocean Polar Res. 2012;34:445-51. https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2012.34.4.445
  4. Cho W, Nam JW, Kang HJ, Windono T, Seo EK, Lee KT. Zedoarondiol isolated from the rhizoma of Curcuma heyneana is involved in the inhibition of iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines via the downregulation of NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009;9:1049-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2009.04.012
  5. Harris SG, Padilla J, Koumas L, Ray D, Phipps RP. Prostaglandins as modulators of immunity. Trends Immunol. 2002;23:144-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4906(01)02154-8
  6. Kanatt SR, Chander R, Sharma A. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel extract improves the shelf life of chicken products. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2010;45:216-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02124.x
  7. Kang HS, Chung HY, Kim JY, Son BW, Jung HA, Choi JS. Inhibitory phlorotannins from the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Arch Pharm Res. 2004;27:194-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980106
  8. Kang JC, Kim MS. A novel species Symphyocladia glabra sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Korea based on morphological and molecular analyses. Algae. 2013;28:149-60. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2013.28.2.149
  9. Lee JH. Antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Stachys sieboldii extract. Korean J Plant Res. 2021;34:420-32.
  10. Lee JM, Yim MJ, Kim HS, Ko SC, Kim JY, Shin JM, et al. Biological activity of flavonoids from Sonchus brachyotus. Fish Aquat Sci. 2021;24:428-36. https://doi.org/10.47853/FAS.2021.e44
  11. Lim CW, Lee JS, Cho YJ. Structures and some properties of the antimicrobial compounds in the red alga, Symphyocladia latiuscula. J Korean Fish Soc. 2000;33:280-7.
  12. Liu J, Tang J, Zuo Y, Yu Y, Luo P, Yao X, et al. Stauntoside B inhibits macrophage activation by inhibiting NF-κB and ERK MAPK signalling. Pharmacol Res. 2016;111:303-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.022
  13. Moghadamtousi SZ, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K. A review on antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity of curcumin. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:186864.
  14. Munteanu IG, Apetrei C. Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:3380.
  15. Park H, Choi J, Chung H. The antioxidant activity in extracts of Symphyocladia latiuscula. J Korean Fish Soc. 1998;31:927-32.
  16. Park HJ, Kurokawa M, Shiraki K, Nakamura N, Choi JS, Hattori M. Antiviral activity of the marine alga Symphyocladia latiuscula against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in vitro and its therapeutic efficacy against HSV-1 infection in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28:2258-62. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.2258
  17. Paudel P, Seong SH, Park HJ, Jung HA, Choi JS. Anti-diabetic activity of 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl derivatives from Symphyocladia latiuscula through PTP1B downregulation and α-glucosidase inhibition. Mar Drugs. 2019a;17:166.
  18. Paudel P, Seong SH, Zhou Y, Park HJ, Jung HA, Choi JS. Anti-Alzheimer's disease activity of bromophenols from a red alga, Symphyocladia latiuscula (Harvey) Yamada. ACS Omega. 2019b;4:12259-70. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01557
  19. Paudel P, Wagle A, Seong SH, Park HJ, Jung HA, Choi JS. A new tyrosinase inhibitor from the red alga Symphyocladia latiuscula (Harvey) Yamada (Rhodomelaceae). Mar Drugs. 2019c;17:295.
  20. Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kahkonen M, Kujala T, et al. Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Int J Food Microbiol. 2000;56:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00218-X
  21. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26:1231-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
  22. Shannon E, Abu-Ghannam N. Antibacterial derivatives of marine algae: an overview of pharmacological mechanisms and applications. Mar Drugs. 2016;14:81.
  23. Wang W, Okada Y, Shi H, Wang Y, Okuyama T. Structures and aldose reductase inhibitory effects of bromophenols from the red alga Symphyocladia latiuscula. J Nat Prod. 2005;68:620-2. https://doi.org/10.1021/np040199j
  24. Xu X, Yin L, Gao J, Gao L, Song F. Antifungal bromophenols from marine red alga Symphyocladia latiuscula. Chem Biodivers. 2014;11:807-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201300239
  25. Yu Q, Zeng K, Ma X, Song F, Jiang Y, Tu P, et al. Resokaemp-ferol-mediated anti-inflammatory effects on activated macrophages via the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3, NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016;38:104-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2016.05.010
  26. Zhang WW, Duan XJ, Huang HL, Zhang Y, Wang BG. Evaluation of 28 marine algae from the Qingdao coast for antioxidative capacity and determination of antioxidant efficiency and total phenolic content of fractions and subfractions derived from Symphyocladia latiuscula (Rhodomelaceae). J Appl Phycol. 2007;19:97-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9115-x