Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Seismic fragility curves for a concrete bridge using structural health monitoring and digital twins

  • Rojas-Mercedes, Norberto (School of Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC)) ;
  • Erazo, Kalil (School of Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC)) ;
  • Di Sarno, Luigi (Department of Civil Engineering and Industrial Design, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool)
  • Received : 2021.11.17
  • Accepted : 2022.04.14
  • Published : 2022.05.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper presents the development of seismic fragility curves for a precast reinforced concrete bridge instrumented with a structural health monitoring (SHM) system. The bridge is located near an active seismic fault in the Dominican Republic (DR) and provides the only access to several local communities in the aftermath of a potential damaging earthquake; moreover, the sample bridge was designed with outdated building codes and uses structural detailing not adequate for structures in seismic regions. The bridge was instrumented with an SHM system to extract information about its state of structural integrity and estimate its seismic performance. The data obtained from the SHM system is integrated with structural models to develop a set of fragility curves to be used as a quantitative measure of the expected damage; the fragility curves provide an estimate of the probability that the structure will exceed different damage limit states as a function of an earthquake intensity measure. To obtain the fragility curves a digital twin of the bridge is developed combining a computational finite element model and the information extracted from the SHM system. The digital twin is used as a response prediction tool that minimizes modeling uncertainty, significantly improving the predicting capability of the model and the accuracy of the fragility curves. The digital twin was used to perform a nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) with selected ground motions that are consistent with the seismic fault and site characteristics. The fragility curves show that for the maximum expected acceleration (with a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years) the structure has a 62% probability of undergoing extensive damage. This is the first study presenting fragility curves for civil infrastructure in the DR and the proposed methodology can be extended to other structures to support disaster mitigation and post-disaster decision-making strategies.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Higher Education, Sciences and Technology of the Dominican Republic (MESCYT). The support is gratefully acknowledged.

References

  1. AASHTO (2012), LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington D.C., USA.
  2. Avsar, O., Yakut, A. and Caner, A. (2011), "Analytical fragility curves for ordinary highway bridges in Turkey", Earthq. Spectra, 27(4), 971-996. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3651349.
  3. Baker, J. W. (2015), "Efficient analytical fragility function fitting using dynamic structural analysis", Earthq. Spectra, 31, 579-599. https://doi.org/10.1193/021113EQS025M.
  4. Bakhshinezhad, S. and Mohebbi, M. (2019), "Multiple failure criteria-based fragility curves for structures equipped with SATMDs", Earthq. Struct., 17(5), 463-475. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2019.17.5.463.
  5. Batista, L. (2017), Por lluvias 42 puentes colapsan en la region sur, informa Obras Publicas; Diario Libre, Dominican Republic. https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/por-lluvias-42-puentescolapsan-en-la-region-sur-informa-obras-publicas-KG6976963
  6. Calais, E., Bethoux, N. and de Lepinay, B.M. (1992), "From transcurrent faulting to frontal subduction: A seismotectonic study of the northern Caribbean plate boundary from Cuba to Puerto Rico", Tectonics, 11, 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1029/91TC02364.
  7. Calais, E., Mazabraud, Y., Mercier de Lepinay, B., Mann, P., Mattioli, G. and Jansma, P. (2002), "Strain partitioning and fault slip rates in the northeastern Caribbean from GPS measurements", Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(18), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015397.
  8. Calvi, G.M. (1999), "A displacement-based approach for vulnerability evaluation of classes of buildings", J. Earthq. Eng., 3(3), 411-438. https://doi.org/10.1142/S136324699900017X.
  9. CSiBridge (2020), CSiBridge, Bridge Analysis, Design and Rating; Computers and Structures, Inc., USA. https://www.csiamerica.com
  10. De Risi, R., DiSarno, L. and Paolacci, F. (2017), "Probabilistic seismic performance assessment of an existing RC bridge with portal-frame piers designed for gravity loads only", Eng. Struct., 145(15), 348-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.053.
  11. DesRoches, R., Comerio, M., Eberhard, M., Mooney, W. and Rix, G. (2011), "Overview of the 2010 Haiti earthquake", Earthq. Spectra, 27(S1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3630129.
  12. Elnashai, A. and Di Sarno, L. (2008), Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering, Wiley and Sons, UK.
  13. Erazo, K. (2019), "Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and design earthquake for Santiago, Dominican Republic", Ciencia, Ingenierias Y Aplicaciones, 2(1), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.22206/cyap.2019.v2i1.pp67-84.
  14. Erazo, K. (2020), "Analisis probabilistico de peligro sismico y terremoto de diseno para Santiago-Republica Dominicana", Ciencia, Ingenierias Y Aplicaciones, 3(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.22206/cyap.2020.v3i1.pp7-30.
  15. Erazo, K., Moaveni, B. and Nagarajaiah, S. (2019a), "Bayesian seismic strong-motion response and damage estimation with application to a full-scale seven story shear wall structure", Eng. Struct., 186, 146-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.02.017.
  16. Erazo, K., Sen, D., Nagarajaiah, S. and Sun, L. (2019b), "Vibration-based structural health monitoring under changing environmental conditions using Kalman filtering", Mech. Syst. Signal Process., 117, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.07.041.
  17. Feng, R., Wang, X., Yuan, W. and Yu, J. (2018), "Impact of seismic excitation direction on the fragility analysis of horizontally curved concrete bridges", Bullet. Earthq. Eng., 16(10), 4705-4733. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-018-0400-2.
  18. Frankel A, Harmsen S, Mueller C, Calais E. and Haase J (2011), "Documentation for initial seismic hazard maps for Haiti", Earthq. Spectra, 27(S1), S23-S41. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101067.
  19. GFDR (2007), ThinkHazard; World Bank Group, Washington D.C., USA. http://thinkhazard.org.
  20. Gomez, C. and Soria, I. (2013), "Curvas de fragilidad para tres puentes carreteros tipicos de concreto", Concreto Y Cemento. Investigacion y Desarrollo, 4(2), 26-42.
  21. Iervolino, I., Galasso, C. and Cosenza, E. (2010), "REXEL: Computer aided record selection for code-based seismic structural analysis", Bullet. Earthq. Eng., 8, 339-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9146-1.
  22. INFORM (2019), Index for Risk Management, Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
  23. Ljung, L. (1998), System Identification, Birkhauser, MA, Boston, USA.
  24. Karimzadeh, S., Kadas, K., Askan, A., Erberik, M. A. and Yakut, A. (2020), "Derivation of analytical fragility curves using SDOF models of masonry structures in Erzincan (Turkey)", Earthq. Struct., 18(2), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.18.2.249.
  25. Kehila, F., Kibboua, A., Bechtoula, H. and Remki, M. (2018), "Seismic performance assessment of R.C. bridge piers designed with the Algerian seismic bridges regulation", Earthq. Struct., 15(6), 701-713. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2018.15.6.701.
  26. Mann, P., Taylor, F.W., Lawrence, R. and Ku, Teh-Lung (1994), "Actively evolving microplate formation by oblique collision and sideways motion along strike-slip faults: An example from the northeastern Caribbean plate margin", Tectonophysics, 246, 1-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00268-E.
  27. Mangalathu, S., Hwang, S.H., Choi, E. and Jeon, J.S. (2019), "Rapid seismic damage evaluation of bridge portfolios using machine learning techniques", Eng. Struct., 201, 109785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109785.
  28. Mangalathu, S. and Jeon, J.S. (2019), "Stripe-based fragility analysis of multispan concrete bridge classes using machine learning techniques", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dynam., 48(11), 1238-1255. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3183.
  29. Martin, J., Alipour, A. and Sarkar, P. (2019), "Fragility surfaces for multi-hazard analysis of suspension bridges under earthquakes and microbursts", Eng. Struct., 197, 109169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.011.
  30. Mieses, L.A., Lopez, R.R. and Saffar, A. (2007), "Development of fragility curves for medium rise reinforced concrete shear wall residential buildings in Puerto Rico", Mecanica Computacional, 31, 2712-2727.
  31. Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Comunicaciones (2011), "Reglamento para el analisis y diseno sismico de estructuras, R-001", Ph.D. Dissertation; Pedro Henriquez Urena National University, Santo Domingo.
  32. Moschonas, I.F., Kappos, A. J., Panetsos, P., Papadopoulos, V., Makarios, T. and Thanopoulos, P. (2009), "Seismic fragility curves for greek bidges: Methodology and case studies", Bullet. Earthq. Eng., 7, 439-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9077-2.
  33. Nagarajaiah, S. and Erazo, K. (2016), "Structural monitoring and identification of civil infrastructure in the United States", Struct. Monitor. Maintenance, 3(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.12989/smm.2016.3.1.051.
  34. Naderpour, H. and Vakili, K. (2019), "Safety assessment of dual shear wall-frame structures subject to Mainshock-Aftershock sequence in terms of fragility and vulnerability curves", Earthq. Struct., 16(4), 425-436. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2019.16.4.425.
  35. Neris, K., Dominguez, J., Perez, J., Rodriguez, B. and Cano, E. (2010), "Control de la edificacion como medida de reduccion de riesgo al desastre causado por sismos en la Republica Dominicana", 1er Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingenieria de Proyectos, Zaragoza, Spain, May.
  36. Nielson, B.G. (2005), "Analytical Fragility Curves for Highway Bridges in Moderate Seismic Zones", Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
  37. Nielson, B. and DesRoches, R. (2007), "Analytical seismic fragility curves for typical bridges in the central and southeastern united states", Earthq. Spectra, 23(3), 615-633. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2756815.
  38. Padgett, J. and DesRoches, R. (2008), "Methodology for the development of analytical fragility curves for retrofitted bridges", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dynam., 37, 1157-1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2774.
  39. Proakis, J. and Manolakis, D. (1996), Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms and Applications, Prentice Hall, NJ, USA.
  40. Razzaghi, M. S., Safarkhanlou, M., Mosleh, A. and Hosseini, P. (2018), "Fragility assessment of RC bridges using numerical analysis and artificial neural networks", Earthq. Struct., 15(4), 431-441. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2018.15.4.431.
  41. Rodriguez, V. and Lopez, Y. (2007), Puentes y caminos de fragil resistencia; Listin Diario, Dominican Republic. https://listindiario.com/ld-lecturas-de-domingo/2007/11/12/36312/puentes-y-caminos-de-fragil-resistencia
  42. Rossetto, T and Elnashai, A. (2005), "A new analytical procedure for the derivation of displacement-based vulnerability curves for populations of RC structures", Eng. Struct., 27(3), 397-409. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.11.002.
  43. Shinozuka, M., Qing Feng, M., Lee, J. and Naganuma, T. (2000), "Statistical analysis of fragility curves", J. Eng. Mech., 126(12), https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:12(1224).
  44. Surana, M. (2020), "Seismic fragility curves using pulse-like and spectrally equivalent ground-motion Records", Earthq. Struct., 19(2), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2020.19.2.079.
  45. Tavares, D., Padgett, J. and Paultre, P. (2012), "Fragility curves of typical as-built highway bridges in eastern Canada", Eng. Struct., 40, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.02.019.
  46. Wilches, J., Santa Maria, H., Riddel, R. and Arrate, C. (2019), "Fragility curves for a typical Chilean higway bridge", Bridge Engineering Institute Conference (BEI-2019), Honolulu, Hawaii, July.
  47. Wu, D., Tesfamariam, S., Stiemer, S.F. and Qin, D. (2012), "Seismic fragility assessment of RC frame structure designed according to modern Chinese code for seismic design of buildings", Earth. Eng. Eng. Vib., 11(3), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-012-0125-1.
  48. Yamaguchi, N. and Yamazaki, F. (2000), "Fragility curves for buildings in Japan based damaged surveys after the 1995 Kobe Earthquake", 12th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, January.
  49. Yazdabad, M., Behnamfar, F. and Samani, A.K. (2018), "Seismic behavioral fragility curves of concrete cylindrical water tanks for sloshing, cracking and wall bending", Earthq. Struct., 14(2), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2018.14.2.095.
  50. Yon, B. (2020), "Seismic vulnerability assessment of RC buildings according to the 2007 and 2018 Turkish seismic codes", Earthq. Struct., 18(6), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2020.18.6.709.
  51. Zhang, J.H. and Hu, S.D. (2005), "State of the Art of Bridge Seismic Vulnerability Analysis Research", Struct. Eng, 21(5), 76-80. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-0159.2005.05.017.
  52. Zhao, Y., Hu, H., Bai, L., Tang, M., Chen, H. and Su, D. (2021), "Fragility analyses of bridge structures using the logarithmic piecewise function-based probabilistic seismic demand model", Sustainability, 13(14), 7814. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147814.