Geomechanics and Engineering

  • 제29권5호
  • /
  • Pages.497-508
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 2005-307X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-6219(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Tailings fluidization under cyclic triaxial loading - a laboratory study

  • Do, Tan Manh (Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea university of technology) ;
  • Laue, Jan (Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea university of technology) ;
  • Mattson, Hans (Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea university of technology) ;
  • Jia, Qi (Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea university of technology)
  • 투고 : 2022.01.23
  • 심사 : 2022.04.26
  • 발행 : 2022.06.10
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Tailings fluidization (i.e., tailings behave as being fluidized) under cyclic loading is one concern during the construction of tailings dams, especially in the shallow tailings layers. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the responses of tailings under cyclic loadings and the tailings potential for fluidization. A series of cyclic triaxial undrained and drained tests were performed on medium and dense tailings samples under various cyclic stress ratios (CSR). The results indicated that axial strain and excess pore water pressure accumulated over time due to cyclic loading. However, the accumulations were dependent on CSR values, densities, and drainage conditions. The fluidization potential analysis in this study was then evaluated based on the obtained cyclic axial strain and excess pore water pressure. As a result, tailings samples were stable (unfluidized) under small CSR values, and the critical CSR values, where the tailings fluidized, varied depending on the density of tailings samples. Tailings fluidization is triggered as cyclic stress ratios reach critical values. In this study, the critical CSR values were found to be 0.15 and 0.40 for medium and dense samples, respectively.

키워드

과제정보

This research was funded by the Swedish transport administration (Trafikverket), the Swedish joint research program for road and railway geotechnology Branschsamverkan i grunden (BIG), Swedish Hydropower Centre (SVC), and Lulea University of Technology. The research presented in this paper was carried out as a part of the Swedish Hydropower Center (Svenskt Vattenkraftscentrum, SVC). SVC has been established by the Swedish Energy Agency, Energiforsk, and Svenska Kraftnat, together with Lulea University of Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Uppsala University, and Lund University. The participating companies and industry associations are: Andritz Hydro, Boliden, Fortum Sweden, Holmen Energi, Jamtkraft, Karlstads Energi, LKAB, Malarenergi, Norconsult, Rainpower, Skelleftea Kraft, Sollefteaforsens, Statkraft Sverige, Sweco Sverige, Tekniska verken i Linkoping, Uniper, Vattenfall R&D, Vattenfall Vattenkraft, Voith Hydro, WSP Sverige, Zink-gruvan, and A F Industry.

참고문헌

  1. Alobaidi, I. and Hoare, D. (1994), "Factors affecting the pumping of fines at the subgrade subbase interface of highway pavements: A laboratory study", Geosynthetics Int., 1(2), 221-259. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.1.0010.
  2. Alobaidi, I. and Hoare, D.J. (1996). "The development of pore water pressure at the subgrade-subbase interface of a highway pavement and its effect on pumping of fines", Geotext. Geomembranes, 14(2), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-1144(96)84940-5.
  3. Baki, M.A.L., Rahman, M.M., Lo, S.R. and Gnanendran, C.T. (2012), "Linkage between static and cyclic liquefaction of loose sand with a range of fines contents", Can. Geotech. J., 49(8), 891-906. https://doi.org/10.1139/t2012-045.
  4. Bedin, J., Schnaid, S., Fonseca, A.V.D. and Filho, L.D.M.C. (2012), "Gold tailings liquefaction under critical state soil mechanics", Geotechnique, 62(3), 263-267. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.P.037.
  5. Bella, G. (2021), "Water retention behaviour of tailings in unsaturated conditions." Geomech. Eng., 26(2), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.26.2.117.
  6. Cai, Y., Gu, C., Wang, J., Juang, C.H., Xu, C. and Hu, X. (2013), "One-Way cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated clay: comparison between constant and variable confining pressure", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 139(5), 797-809. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000760.
  7. Christopher, B.R., Schwartz, C.W., Boudreaux, R. and Berg, R.R. (2006), "Geotechnical aspects of pavements", United States. Federal Highway Administration.
  8. Dash, H. and Sitharam, T. (2011), "Cyclic liquefaction and pore pressure response of sand-silt mixtures." Geomech. Eng., 3(2), 83-108. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2011.3.2.083.
  9. Do, T.M. (2021), "Excess pore water pressure generation in fine granular materials and migration of particles under cyclic loading - a laboratory study", Licenciate Thesis, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea.
  10. Duong, T.V., Tang, A.M., Cui, Y.J., Trinh, V.N., Dupla, J.C., Calon, N., Canou, J. and Robinet, A. (2013), "Effects of fines and water contents on the mechanical behavior of interlayer soil in ancient railway sub-structure", Soils Found., 53(6), 868-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.10.006.
  11. Festugato, L., Fourie, A. and Consoli, N.C. (2013), "Cyclic shear response of fibre-reinforced cemented paste backfill", Geotechnique Lett., 3(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.12.00042.
  12. Forstner, U. (1999), "Introduction." Environmental Impacts of Mining Activities: Emphasis on Mitigation and Remedial Measures, J. M. Azcue, ed., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  13. Geremew, A.M. and Yanful, E.K. (2012), "Laboratory investigation of the resistance of tailings and natural sediments to cyclic loading", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 30(2), 431-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9478-x.
  14. Geremew, A.M. and Yanful, E.K. (2013), "Dynamic properties and influence of clay mineralogy types on the cyclic strength of mine tailings", Int. J. Geomech., 13(4), 441-453. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000227.
  15. Gu, C., Wang, J., Cai, Y., Sun, L., Wang, P. and Dong, Q. (2016), "Deformation characteristics of overconsolidated clay sheared under constant and variable confining pressure", Soils Found., 56(3), 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.04.009.
  16. Hu, L., Wu, H., Zhang, L., Zhang, P. and Wen, Q. (2017). "Geotechnical properties of mine tailings", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 29(2), 04016220. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001736.
  17. Hyde, A.F., Higuchi, T. and Yasuhara, K. (2006), "Liquefaction, cyclic mobility, and failure of silt", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(6), 716-735. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:6(716).
  18. Indraratna, B., Singh, M., Nguyen, T.T., Leroueil, S., Abeywickrama, A., Kelly, R. and Neville, T. (2020), "Laboratory study on subgrade fluidization under undrained cyclic triaxial loading", Can. Geotech. J., 57(11), 1767-1779. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0350.
  19. Ishihara, K., Troncoso, J., Kawase, Y. and Takahashi, Y. (1980), "Cyclic strength characteristics of tailings materials", Soils Found., 20(4), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.20.4_127.
  20. James, M., Aubertin, M., Wijewickreme, D. and Ward, W. (2011), "A laboratory investigation of the dynamic properties of tailings", Can. Geotech. J., 48(11), 1587-1600. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-060.
  21. Kammerer, A.M., Pestana, J.M. and Seed, R.B. (2002), "Geotechnical Engineering Report No UCB/GT/02-01", Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley.
  22. Kermani, B., Xiao, M., Stoffels, S.M. and Qiu, T. (2019), "Measuring the migration of subgrade fine particles into subbase using scaled accelerated flexible pavement testing - a laboratory study", Road Mater. Pavement Design, 20(1), 36-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1374995.
  23. Kheirbek-Saoud, S. and Fleureau, J.M. (2012), "Liquefaction and post-liquefaction behaviour of a soft natural clayey soil", Geomech. Eng., 4(2), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2012.4.2.121.
  24. Knutsson, R. and Laue, J. (2016), "Numerical analysis of Aitik pier S1 subjected to dynamic loads", Lulea University of Technology, Technical Report.
  25. Kwan, W.S. and Mohtar, C.E. (2018), "A review on sand sample reconstitution methods and procedures for undrained simple shear test", Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 14(8), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1461988.
  26. Ladd, R. (1978), "Preparing test specimens using undercompaction", Geotech. Test J., 1(1), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10364J.
  27. Lade, P.V. (2016). "Preparation of Triaxial Specimens", Triaxial Testing of Soils, 211-237.
  28. Li, Y., Yang, Y., Yu, H.S. and Roberts, G. (2017), "Correlations between the stress paths of a monotonic test and a cyclic test under the same initial conditions", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 101, 153-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.07.023.
  29. Moriwaki, Y., Akky, M.R., Ebeling, A.M, Idriss, I.M. and Ladd, R.S. (1982), Cyclic strength and properties of tailings slimes, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), New York
  30. Moses, G.G., Rao, S.N. and Rao, P.N. (2003), "Undrained strength behaviour of a cemented marine clay under monotonic and cyclic loading", Ocean Eng., 30(14), 1765-1789. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(03)00018-0.
  31. Peters, G. and Verdugo, R. (2003), "Seismic design considerations of tailings dams", Soil rock America 2003: Proceedings of the 12th panamerican conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering.
  32. Sarsby, R.W. (2013), "Tailings dams", Environmental Geotechnics, 2nd Ed., 365-391.
  33. Selig, E.T. and Chang, C.S. (1981), "Soil failure modes in undrained cyclic loading", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 107(5). https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001128.
  34. Shajarati, A., Sorensen, K.W. and Ibsen, L.B. (2012), "Manual for cyclic triaxial test", Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University. DCE Technical reports No. 114.
  35. Sonmezer, Y.B. (2019), "Investigation of the liquefaction potential of fiber-reinforced sand", Geomech. Eng., 18(5), 503-513. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.18.5.503.
  36. Sonmezer, Y.B., Akyuz, A. and Kayabali, K. (2020), "Investigation of the effect of grain size on liquefaction potential of sands", Geomech. Eng., 20(3), 243-254. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.3.243.
  37. Suazo, G., Fourie, A., Doherty, J. and Hasan, A. (2016). "Effects of confining stress, density and initial static shear stress on the cyclic shear response of fine-grained unclassified tailings", Geotechnique, 66(5), 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.P.032.
  38. Tsuchida, H. (1970), "Prediction and countermeasure against the liquefaction in sand deposits", Proc., Abstract of the seminar in the Port and Harbor Research Institute, 31-333.
  39. Verdugo, R. (2009), "Seismic performance based-design of large earth and tailing dams", International Conference on Performance-Based Design in Earthquake, 41-60.
  40. Vernay, M., Morvan, M. and Breul, P. (2016), "Influence of saturation degree and role of suction in unsaturated soils behaviour: application to liquefaction", E3S Web Conf., 9, 14002.
  41. Vick, S.G. (1983), Planning, design and analysis of tailings dams, Wiley series on geotechnical engineering. Wiley, New York.
  42. Wang, B., Zen, K., Chen, G. and Kasama, K. (2012), "Effects of excess pore pressure dissipation on liquefaction-induced ground deformation in 1-g shaking table test", Geomech. Eng., 4(2), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2012.4.2.091.
  43. Wang, Y., Gao, Y., Li, B., Fang, H., Wang, F., Guo, L. and Zhang, F. (2017), "One-way cyclic deformation behavior of natural soft clay under continuous principal stress rotation", Soils Found., 57(6), 1002-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.08.027.
  44. Wheeler, L.N., Take, W.A. and Hoult, N.A. (2017), "Performance assessment of peat rail subgrade before and after mass stabilization", Can. Geotech. J., 54(5), 674-689. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0256.
  45. Wijewickreme, D., Sanin, M.V. and Greenaway, G.R. (2005), "Cyclic shear response of fine-grained mine tailings", Can. Geotech. J., 42(5), 1408-1421. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-058.
  46. Zardari, M.A., Mattsson, H., Knutsson, S., Khalid, M.S., Ask, M., and Lund, B. (2017), "Numerical analyses of earthquake induced liquefaction and deformation behaviour of an upstream tailings dam", Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5389308.
  47. Zhang, C., Yang, C.H. and Bai, S.W. (2006), "Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of tailings material", Rock Soil Mechanics-Wuhan, 27, 35-40.