Advances in Energy Research

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Techno-economic design of a grid-tied Photovoltaic system for a residential building

  • Asad A. Naqvi (Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology) ;
  • Talha Bin Nadeem (Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology) ;
  • Ahsan Ahmed (Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology) ;
  • Muhammad Uzair (Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology) ;
  • S. Asad Ali Zaidi (School of Computing Engineering and Digital Technology, Teeside University)
  • Received : 2021.07.13
  • Accepted : 2021.12.16
  • Published : 2022.03.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Increasing cost of electricity due to rising price of fuel is one of the local community's main issues. In this research, switching of grid dependent system to the grid-tied Photovoltaic (PV) system with net metering for a residential building is proposed. The system is designed by considering the maximum energy demand of the building. The designed system is analyzed using RETScreen on technical, economic and environmental grounds. It is found that the system is able to produce 12,000 kWh/year. The system is capable to fulfill the electricity demand of the building during day time and is also capable to sell the energy to the local grid causing the electric meter to run in reverse direction. During night time, electricity will be purchased from grid, and electric meter will run in the forward direction. The system is economically justified with a payback period of only 3 years with net present value of PKR. 4,758,132. Also, the system is able to reduce 7.2 tons of CO2 not produced in the entire life of the project.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology which helped in completing this research.

References

  1. Al-Addous, M., Dalala, Z., Class, C.B., Alawneh, F. and Al-Taani, H. (2017), "Performance analysis of off-grid PV systems in the Jordan Valley", Renew. Energy, 113, 930-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.034. 
  2. Barua, S., Prasath, R.A. and Boruah, D. (2017), "Rooftop solar photovoltaic system design and assessment for the academic campus using PVsyst software", Int. J. Elec. Electric. Eng., 5(1), 76-83. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijeee.5.1.76-83. 
  3. Basaran, K., Cetin, N.S. and Borekci, S. (2017), "Energy management for on-grid and off-grid wind/PV and battery hybrid systems", IET Renew. Power Generat., 11(5), 642-649. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0545. 
  4. Bortolini, M., Gamberi, M. and Graziani, A. (2014), "Technical and economic design of photovoltaic and battery energy storage system", Energy Convers. Manage., 86, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.089. 
  5. Canadian Solar (2020), Canadian Solar Specification Sheet, Canadian Solar, Toronto, Canada. 
  6. Darghouth, N.R., Barbose, G. and Wiser, R. (2011), "The impact of rate design and net metering on the bill savings from distributed PV for residential customers in California", Energy Policy, 39(9), 5243-5253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.040. 
  7. de Wild-Scholten, M.M. (2013), "Energy payback time and carbon footprint of commercial photovoltaic systems", Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell., 119, 296-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.037. 
  8. Demoulias, C. (2010), "A new simple analytical method for calculating the optimum inverter size in grid-connected PV plants", Elec. Power Syst. Res., 80(10), 1197-1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2010.04.005. 
  9. Dufo-Lopez, R. and Bernal-Agustin, J.L. (2015), "A comparative assessment of net metering and net billing policies. Study cases for Spain", Energy, 84, 684-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.031. 
  10. El Fathi, A., Nkhaili, L., Bennouna, A. and Outzourhit, A. (2014), "Performance parameters of a standalone PV plant", Energy Convers. Manage., 86, 490-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.045. 
  11. Ghafoor, A. and Munir, A. (2015), "Design and economics analysis of an off-grid PV system for household electrification", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 42, 496-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.012. 
  12. Khatri, R. (2016), "Design and assessment of solar PV plant for girls hostel (GARGI) of MNIT University, Jaipur city: A case study", Energy Report., 2, 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2016.05.002. 
  13. Latif, K., Raza, M.Y., Chaudhary, G.M. and Arshad, A. (2020), "Analysis of energy crisis, energy security and potential of renewable energy: Evidence from Pakistan", J. Account. Finan. Emerg. Econ., 6(1), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i1.1072. 
  14. Louie, H. and Dauenhauer, P. (2016), "Effects of load estimation error on small-scale off-grid photovoltaic system design, cost and reliability", Energy Sustain. Develop., 34, 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.08.002. 
  15. Macrotrends.net (2019), Pakistan Inflalation Rate.
  16. Manoj Kumar, N., Sudhakar, K. and Samykano, M. (2019), "Techno-economic analysis of 1 MWp grid connected solar PV plant in Malaysia", Int. J. Ambient Energy, 40(4), 434-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1410226. 
  17. Masters, G.M. (2004), Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Canada. 
  18. Mayer, M.J., Szilagyi, A. and Grof, G. (2021), "Ecodesign of ground-mounted photovoltaic power plants: Economic and environmental multi-objective optimization", J. Clean. Prod., 278, 123934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123934. 
  19. Naqvi, A.A., Ahmed, A., Jamal, M., Majeed, A., Khizar, A. and Shaheer, B. (2022), "Performance evaluation of Hybrid PVT air collector. A comparative approach", GMSARN Int. J., 16, 121-7. 
  20. Net Metering (2015), NET Metering for K.E. Customers, K-Electric, Karachi, 
  21. Nitrox Inverter (2020), Nitrox PV Solar on Grid Inverter, Inverex, Karachi, Pakistan. https://aptinverex.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/NITROX-ON-GRID-5KW-10-KW.pdf. 
  22. Poullikkas, A., Kourtis, G. and Hadjipaschalis, I. (2013), "A review of net metering mechanism for electricity renewable energy sources", Int. J. Energy Environ., 4(6), 975-1002. 
  23. Putra, A.W., Kamandika, E., Rosyadi, S., Purwadi, A. and Haroen, Y. (2016), "Study and design of hybrid off-grid PV-generator power system for administration load and communal load at three regions in Indonesia", Proceedings of the 2016 3rd Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICPERE), Yogyakarta, November. 
  24. Qamar, H., Qamar, H. and Khan, M.U. (2016), "Solar irradiance & on grid solar power systems with net metering in Pakistan", Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J., 1(2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj010201. 
  25. Shahzad, M.K., Zahid, A., ur Rashid, T., Rehan, M.A., Ali, M. and Ahmad, M. (2017), "Techno-economic feasibility analysis of a solar-biomass off grid system for the electrification of remote rural areas in Pakistan using HOMER software", Renew. Energy, 106, 264-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.033. 
  26. Sharma, P., Bojja, H. and Yemula, P. (2016), "Techno-economic analysis of off-grid rooftop solar PV system", Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), New Delhi, March. 
  27. Simon, S.P., Kumar, K.A., Sundareswaran, K., Nayak, P.S.R. and Padhy, N.P. (2020), "Impact and economic assessment on solar PV mirroring system-A feasibility report", Energy Convers. Manage., 203, 112222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112222. 
  28. Sreenath, S., Sudhakar, K., Yusop, A.F., Solomin, E. and Kirpichnikova, I.M. (2020), "Solar PV energy system in Malaysian airport: Glare analysis, general design and performance assessment", Energy Report., 6, 698-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.03.015. 
  29. Sullivan, Wicks, Koeling (2018), Engineering Economy, Pearson Higher Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, United States. 
  30. ur Rehman, W., Sajjad, I.A., Malik, T.N., Martirano, L. and Manganelli, M. (2017), "Economic analysis of net metering regulations for residential consumers in Pakistan", Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), Milan, June. 
  31. Weather Atlas (2021), Weather Atlas of Pakistan, Pakistan Climate, Karachi, Pakistan. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/pakistan/karachi-climate. 
  32. Zahir, A., Khan, S.A. and Naseem, A. (2017), "Feasibility analysis of grid tied PV system based on net-metering incentive for a developing country: A case study of Pakistan", Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore, December.