Advances in materials Research

  • 제11권2호
  • /
  • Pages.121-146
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 2234-0912(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2234-179X(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Influence of palm oil fuel ash on behaviour of green high-performance fine-grained cement mortar

  • Sagr, Salem Giuma Ibrahim (School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia) ;
  • Johari, M.A. Megat (School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia) ;
  • Mijarsh, M.J.A. (Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Merghab University)
  • 투고 : 2021.03.12
  • 심사 : 2022.01.03
  • 발행 : 2022.06.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

In the recent years, the use of agricultural waste in green cement mortar and concrete production has attracted considerable attention because of potential saving in the large areas of landfills and potential enhancement on the performance of mortar. In this research, microparticles of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) obtained from a multistage thermal and mechanical treatment processes of raw POFA originating from palm oil mill was utilized as a pozzolanic material to produce high-performance cement mortar (HPCM). POFA was used as a partial replacement material to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at replacement levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40% by volume. Sand with particle size smaller than 300 ㎛ was used to enhance the performance of the HPCM. The HPCM mixes were tested for workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), porosity and absorption. The results portray that the incorporation of micro POFA in HPCMs led to a slight reduction in the compressive strength. At 40% replacement level, the compressive strength was 87.4 MPa at 28 days which is suitable for many high strength applications. Although adding POFA to the cement mixtures harmed the absorption and porosity, those properties were very low at 3.4% and 11.5% respectively at a 40% POFA replacement ratio and after 28 days of curing. The HPCM mixtures containing POFA exhibited greater increase in strength and UPV as well as greater reduction in absorption and porosity than the control OPC mortar from 7 to 28 days of curing age, as a result of the pozzolanic reaction of POFA. Micro POFA with finely graded sand resulted in a dense and high strength cement mortar due to the pozzolanic reaction and increased packing effect. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the POFA could be used with high replacement ratios as a pozzolanic material to produce HPCM.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Agensi Inovasi Malaysia (AIM) (2013), National Biomass Strategy 2020: New wealth creation for Malaysia's biomass industry, Retrieved from: https://www.cmtevents.com/MediaLibrary/%0ABStgy2013RptAIM.pdf
  2. Al-Kutti, W., Nasir, M., Megat Johari, M.A., Islam, A.B.M.S., Manda, A.A. and Blaisi, N.I. (2018), "An overview and experimental study on hybrid binders containing date palm ash, fly ash, OPC and activator composites", Constr. Build. Mater., 159, 567-577. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.017
  3. Alabi, S.A. and Mahachi, J. (2020), "Compressive strength of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash under different curing techniques", Mater. Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.426
  4. Alsubari, B., Shafigh, P., Ibrahim, Z., Alnahhal, M.F. and Jumaat, M.Z. (2018), "Properties of eco-friendly self-compacting concrete containing modified treated palm oil fuel ash", Constr. Build. Mater., 158, 742-754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.174
  5. Altwair, N.M., Johari, M.M. and Hashim, S.S. (2012), "Flexural performance of green engineered cementitious composites containing high volume of palm oil fuel ash", Constr. Build. Mater., 37, 518-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.003
  6. Altwair, N.M., Johari, M.A.M., Hashim, S.F.S. and Zeyad, A.M. (2013), "Mechanical Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composite with Palm Oil Fuel Ash as a Supplementary Binder", Adv. Mater. Res., 626, 121-125. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.626.121
  7. ASTM C1017/C1017M-13e1. (2013), Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete, ASTM International,. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1017_C1017M-13E01
  8. ASTM C109/C109M - 20b (2020), Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube Specimens), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0109_C0109M-20B
  9. ASTM C1437-20 (2020), Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1437-20
  10. ASTM C150/C150M - 20 (2020), Standard Specification for Portland Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0150_C0150M-20
  11. ASTM C230/C230M - 20 (2020), Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0230_C0230M-20
  12. ASTM C494/C494M-19 (2019), Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0494_C0494M-19
  13. ASTM C511-19 (2019), Standard Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0511-19
  14. ASTM C597-16 (2016), Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0597-16
  15. ASTM C618-19 (2019), Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0618-19
  16. ASTM C642-13 (2013), Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0642-13
  17. Awal, A.S.M.A. and Hussin, M.W. (1997), "The effectiveness of palm oil fuel ash in preventing expansion due to alkali-silica reaction", Cement Concrete Compos., 19(4), 367-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(97)00034-6
  18. Benhelal, E., Zahedi, G., Shamsaei, E. and Bahadori, A. (2013), "Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry", J. Cleaner Product., 51, 142-161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.10.049
  19. BS EN 197-1 (2011), Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements, BSI. Retrieved from: https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030391002
  20. Celik, K., Jackson, M.D., Mancio, M., Meral, C., Emwas, A.-H., Mehta, P.K. and Monteiro, P.J.M. (2014), "High-volume natural volcanic pozzolan and limestone powder as partial replacements for portland cement in self-compacting and sustainable concrete", Cement Concrete Compos., 45, 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.003
  21. CEMBUREAU (2020), 2019 Activity Report, Retrieved from: https://cembureau.eu
  22. Chindaprasirt, P., Rukzon, S. and Sirivivatnanon, V. (2008), "Resistance to chloride penetration of blended Portland cement mortar containing palm oil fuel ash, rice husk ash and fly ash", Constr. Build. Mater., 22(5), 932-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.12.001
  23. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2020), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2018, EPA 430-R-20-002. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2018
  24. Estevez, E., Martin, D.A., Argiz, C. and Sanjuan, M.A. (2020), "Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity-Compressive Strength Relationship for Portland Cement Mortars Cured at Different Conditions", Crystals, 10(2), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10020133
  25. Farzadnia, N., Noorvand, H., Yasin, A.M. and Aziz, F.N.A. (2015), "The effect of nano silica on short term drying shrinkage of POFA cement mortars", Constr. Build. Mater., 95, 636-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.132
  26. Hamada, H.M., Yahaya, F.M., Muthusamy, K., Jokhio, G.A. and Humada, A.M. (2019), "Fresh and hardened properties of palm oil clinker lightweight aggregate concrete incorporating Nano-palm oil fuel ash", Constr. Build. Mater., 214, 344-354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.101
  27. Hamada, H., Tayeh, B., Yahaya, F., Muthusamy, K. and Al-Attar, A. (2020a), "Effects of nano-palm oil fuel ash and nano-eggshell powder on concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 261, 119790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119790
  28. Hamada, H.M., Alya'a, A., Yahaya, F.M., Muthusamy, K., Tayeh, B.A. and Humada, A.M. (2020b), "Effect of high-volume ultrafine palm oil fuel ash on the engineering and transport properties of concrete", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 12, e00318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00318
  29. Hamada, H.M., Thomas, B.S., Tayeh, B., Yahaya, F.M., Muthusamy, K. and Yang, J. (2020c), "Use of oil palm shell as an aggregate in cement concrete: A review", Constr. Build. Mater., 265, 120357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120357
  30. Hamada, H.M., Alattar, A.A., Yahaya, F.M., Muthusamy, K. and Tayeh, B.A. (2021), "Mechanical properties of semi-lightweight concrete containing nano-palm oil clinker powder", Phys. Chem. Earth, Parts A/B/C, 102977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2021.102977
  31. Homwuttiwong, S., Jaturapitakkul, C. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2012), "Permeability and abrasion resistance of concretes containing high volume fine fly ash and palm oil fuel ash", Comput. Concrete, Int. J., 10(4), 349-360. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2012.10.4.349
  32. Huda, M.N., Jumaat, M.Z., Islam, A.B.M.S., Darain, K.M.U., Obaydullah, M. and Hosen, M.A. (2017), "Palm oil industry's bi-products as coarse aggregate in structural lightweight concrete", Comput. Concrete, Int. J., 19(5), 515-526. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.5.515
  33. Huseien, G.F., Tahir, M.M., Mirza, J., Ismail, M., Shah, K.W. and Asaad, M.A. (2018), "Effects of POFA replaced with FA on durability properties of GBFS included alkali activated mortars", Constr. Build. Mater., 175, 174-186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.166
  34. Jaturapitakkul, C., Tangpagasit, J., Songmue, S. and Kiattikomol, K. (2011), "Filler effect and pozzolanic reaction of ground palm oil fuel ash", Constr. Build. Mater., 25(11), 4287-4293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.073
  35. Kanadasan, J. and Abdul Razak, H. (2015), "Utilization of palm oil clinker as cement replacement material", Materials, 8(12), 8817-8838. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8125494
  36. Kroehong, W., Sinsiri, T., Jaturapitakkul, C. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2011), "Effect of palm oil fuel ash fineness on the microstructure of blended cement paste", Constr. Build. Mater., 25(11), 4095-4104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.062
  37. Lehne, J. and Preston, F. (2018), "Making concrete change: Innovation in low-carbon cement and concrete", Chatham House Report, Energy Enivronment and Resources Department, London, UK, pp. 1-66.
  38. Madlool, N.A., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A. and Kamalisarvestani, M. (2013), "An overview of energy savings measures for cement industries", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 19, 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.046
  39. Marthong, C. (2019), "Effect of waste cement bag fibers on the mechanical strength of concrete", Adv. Mater. Res., Int. J., 8(2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2019.8.2.103
  40. McCarthy, N. (2020), Which Countries Produce The Most Palm Oil? | Statista. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/chart/23097/amount-of-palm-oil-produced-in-selected-countries/
  41. Mijarsh, M.J.A., Johari, M.M. and Ahmad, Z.A. (2015), "Compressive strength of treated palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar containing calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and silica fume as mineral additives", Cement Concrete Compos., 60, 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.02.007
  42. Mijarsh, M.J.A., Johari, M.A.M., Tebal, N., Zeyad, A.M., Ahmad, Z.A., Elbasir, O.M.M. and Mashri, M.O.M. (2020), "Influence of cement content on the compressive strength and engineering properties of palm oil fuel ash-based hybrid alkaline cement", Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technical Sciences (ICST2020), Tripoli, Libya.
  43. Mijarsh, M.J.A., Megat Johari, M.A., Abu Bakar, B.H., Ahmad, Z.A. and Zeyad, A.M. (2021), "Influence of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and Na2O on the elevated temperature performance of alkali-activated treated palm oil fuel ash-based mortar", Struct. Concrete, 22(S1), 380-399. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900302
  44. Mohammadhosseini, H., Tahir, M.M., Mohd Sam, A.R., Abdul Shukor Lim, N.H. and Samadi, M. (2018), "Enhanced performance for aggressive environments of green concrete composites reinforced with waste carpet fibers and palm oil fuel ash", J. Cleaner Product., 185, 252-265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.051
  45. Mohammadhosseini, H., Alrshoudi, F., Md. Tahir, M., Alyousef, R., Alghamdi, H., Alharbi, Y.R. and Alsaif, A. (2020), "Performance evaluation of novel prepacked aggregate concrete reinforced with waste polypropylene fibers at elevated temperatures", Constr. Build. Mater., 259, 120418. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120418
  46. Mohammed, A.N., Johari, M.A.M., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Yusuf, M.O. (2014), "Improving the engineering and fluid transport properties of ultra-high strength concrete utilizing ultrafine palm oil fuel ash", J. Adv. Concrete Technol., 12(4), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.12.127
  47. Mujedu, K.A., Ab-Kadir, M.A. and Ismail, M. (2020), "A review on self-compacting concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash as a cement replacement", Constr. Build. Mater., 258, 119541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119541
  48. Mujedu, K.A., Ab-Kadir, M.A., Sarbini, N.N. and Ismail, M. (2021), "Microstructure and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash exposed to elevated temperatures", Constr. Build. Mater., 274, 122025. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122025
  49. Muthusamy, K., Mirza, J., Zamri, N.A., Hussin, M.W., Abdul Majeed, A.P.P., Kusbiantoro, A. and Albshir Budiea, A.M. (2019), "Properties of high strength palm oil clinker lightweight concrete containing palm oil fuel ash in tropical climate", Constr. Build. Mater., 199, 163-177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.211
  50. Nagaratnam, B.H., Mannan, M.A., Rahman, M.E., Mirasa, A.K., Richardson, A. and Nabinejad, O. (2019), "Strength and microstructural characteristics of palm oil fuel ash and fly ash as binary and ternary blends in Self-Compacting concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 202, 103-120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.139
  51. Narong, O.L.C., Sia, C.K., Yee, S.K., Ong, P., Zainudin, A., Nor, N.H.M. and Hassan, M.F. (2018), "Optimisation of EMI shielding effectiveness: Mechanical and physical performance of mortar containing POFA for plaster work using Taguchi Grey method", Constr. Build. Mater., 176, 509-518. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.025
  52. Nataraja, M. and Das, L. (2010), "Concrete mix proportioning as per IS 10262: 2009-Comparison with IS 10262: 1982 and ACI 211.1-91", Indian Concrete J., 64-70.
  53. Rajak, M.A.A., Majid, Z.A. and Ismail, M. (2015), "Morphological characteristics of hardened cement pastes incorporating nano-palm oil fuel ash", Procedia Manuf., 2, 512-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.088
  54. Rukzon, S. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2009a), "An Experimental Investigation of the Carbonation of Blended Portland Cement Palm Oil Fuel Ash Mortar in an Indoor Environment", Indoor Built Environ., 18(4), 313-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X09336554
  55. Rukzon, S. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2009b), "Strength and chloride penetration of Portland cement mortar containing palm oil fuel ash and ground river sand", Comput. Concrete, Int. J., 6(5), 391-401. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2009.6.5.391
  56. Salami, B.A., Megat Johari, M.A., Ahmad, Z.A., Maslehuddin, M. and Adewumi, A.A. (2018), "Impact of Al(OH)3 addition to POFA on the compressive strength of POFA alkali-activated mortar", Constr. Build. Mater., 190, 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.076
  57. Samadhi, T.W., Wulandari, W. and Tirtabudi, K.R. (2020), "Oil palm empty fruit bunch ash valorization through potassium extraction", IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 823(1), 12035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/823/1/012035
  58. Shaladi, R.J., Johari, M.A.M., Ahmad, Z.A. and Mijarsh, M.J.A. (2019), "Compressive Strength and Microstructural Characteristics of Binary Blended Cement Mortar Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash", Proceedings of AICCE'19 (pp. 1513-1522), "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32816-0_116
  59. Statista (2020), Production volume of palm oil worldwide from 2012/13 to 2019/20, Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/613471/palm-oil-production-volume-worldwide/#statisticContainer
  60. Sumesh, M., Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z. and Mo, K.H. (2019), "Microstructural and strength characteristics of high-strength mortar using nontraditional supplementary cementitious materials", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 31(4), 4019017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002626
  61. Tasnim, S., Rahman, M.E. and Ahmadi, R.B. (2018), "Mechanical performance of modified cement paste made with micro-fine POFA in ammonium nitrate environment", Constr. Build. Mater., 162, 534-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.060
  62. Ting, T.Z.H., Ting, M.Z.Y., Rahman, M.E. and Pakrashi, V. (2020), "Palm Oil Fuel Ash: Innovative Potential Applications as Sustainable Materials in Concrete", Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, pp. 848-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.11317-7
  63. United States Department of Agriculture (2020), Oil, Palm 2020, Retrieved January 11, 2021, from: https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/cropview/commodityView.aspx?cropid=4243000&sel_year=2020&rankby=Production
  64. United States Geological Survey (2021), Cement Statistics and Information, Retrieved from: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/cement-statistics-and-information
  65. Usman, J., Sam, A.R.M. and Hussin, M.W. (2017), "Behavior of palm oil fuel ash and metakaolin ternary blend cement mortar at elevated temperatures", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 29(2), 4016201. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001722
  66. Vijaya, S., Ma, A.N., Choo, Y.M. and Meriam, N. (2008), "Life cycle inventory of the production of crude palm oil - a gate to gate case study of 12 palm oil mills", J. Oil Palm Res., 20, 484-494.
  67. Wan Hassan, W.N.F., Ismail, M.A., Lee, H.-S., Meddah, M.S., Singh, J.K., Hussin, M.W. and Ismail, M. (2020), "Mixture optimization of high-strength blended concrete using central composite design", Constr. Build. Mater., 243, 118251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118251
  68. Wan Yusof, W.Y., Adnan, S.H., Jamellodin, Z. and Mohammad, N.S. (2015), "Strength Development of Fine Grained Mortar Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash as a Partial Cement Replacement", Appl. Mech. Mater., 773-774, 964-968. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.773-774.964
  69. Wi, K., Lee, H.-S., Lim, S., Ismail, M.A. and Hussin, M.W. (2018a), "Effect of Using Micropalm Oil Fuel Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement on the Properties of Cement Mortar", Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5164030
  70. Wi, K., Lee, H.-S., Lim, S., Song, H., Hussin, M.W. and Ismail, M.A. (2018b), "Use of an agricultural byproduct, nano sized Palm Oil Fuel Ash as a supplementary cementitious material", Constr. Build. Mater., 183, 139-149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.156
  71. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (2016), Cement Industry Energy and CO2 Performance: Getting the Numbers Right (GNR). Retrieved from: https://www.wbcsd.org/SectorProjects/Cement-Sustainability-Initiative/Resources/Cement-Industry-Energy-and-CO2-Performance
  72. Yin, C.Y., Kadir, S.A.S.A., Lim, Y.P., Syed-Ariffin, S.N. and Zamzuri, Z. (2008), "An investigation into physicochemical characteristics of ash produced from combustion of oil palm biomass wastein a boiler", Fuel Process. Technol., 89(7), 693-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.12.012
  73. Zeyad, A.M.A. (2013), Influence of steam curing on engineering and fluid transport properties of high strength green concrete containing palm oil fuel ash, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.
  74. Zeyad, A.M., Johari, M.A.M., Bunnori, N.M., Ariffin, K.S. and Altwair, N.M. (2012), "Characteristics of Treated Palm Oil Fuel Ash and its Effects on Properties of High Strength Concrete", Adv. Mater. Res., 626, 152-156. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.626.152
  75. Zeyad, A.M., Megat Johari, M.A., Tayeh, B.A. and Yusuf, M.O. (2016), "Efficiency of treated and untreated palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary binder on engineering and fluid transport properties of high-strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 125, 1066-1079. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.065
  76. Zeyad, A.M., Johari, M.A., Tayeh, B.A. and Saba, A.M. (2017), "Ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: from an agroindustry by-product into a highly efficient mineral admixture for high strength green concrete", J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 12(7), 8187-8196.
  77. Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A., Saba, A.M. and Johari, M.A.M. (2018), "Workability, setting time and strength of high-strength concrete containing high volume of palm oil fuel ash", Open Civil Eng. J., 12(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149501812010035
  78. Zeyad, A.M., Johari, M.A.M., Abutaleb, A. and Tayeh, B.A. (2021a), "The effect of steam curing regimes on the chloride resistance and pore size of high-strength green concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 280, 122409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122409
  79. Zeyad, A.M., Johari, M.A.M., Alharbi, Y.R., Abadel, A.A., Amran, Y.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Abutaleb, A. (2021b), "Influence of steam curing regimes on the properties of ultrafine POFA-based high-strength green concrete", J. Build. Eng., 339, 102204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102204
  80. Zeyad, A.M., Johari, M.A.M., Alharbi, Y.R., Abadel, A.A., Amran, Y.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Abutaleb, A. (2021c), "Influence of steam curing regimes on the properties of ultrafine POFA-based high-strength green concrete", J. Build. Eng., 38, 102204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102204