Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Comparative antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of red ginseng and fermented red ginseng extracts

  • Irfan, Muhammad (Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Lee, Yuan Yee (Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Lee, Ki-Ja (Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Kim, Sung Dae (Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Rhee, Man Hee (Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2021.01.19
  • Accepted : 2021.05.30
  • Published : 2022.05.01
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Abstract

Background: Fermentation may alter the bioavailability of certain compounds, which may affect their efficacy and pharmacological responses. This study investigated the antiplatelet effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) and fermented red ginseng extract (FRG). Methods: A rodent model was used to evaluate the antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of the extracts. Rats were orally fed with human equivalent doses of the extracts for 1 week and examined for various signaling pathways using standard in vivo and ex vivo techniques. Light transmission aggregometry was performed, and calcium mobilization, dense granule secretion, integrin αIIbβ3-mediated signaling molecules, cyclic nucleotide signaling events, and various protein molecules were evaluated ex vivo in collagen-stimulated washed platelets. Furthermore, antithrombotic properties were evaluated using a standard acute pulmonary thromboembolism model, and the effects on hemostasis were investigated using rat and mice models. Results: Both RGE and FRG significantly inhibited platelet aggregation, calcium mobilization, and dense granule secretion along with integrin-mediated fibrinogen binding and fibrinogen adhesion. cAMP levels were found to be elevated in RGE-treated rat platelets. Ginseng extracts did not exert any effect on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. RGE-treated mice showed significantly better survival under thrombosis than FRG-treated mice, with no effects on hemostasis, whereas FRG-treated mice exhibited a slight increment in bleeding time. Conclusion: Both extracts, especially RGE, are remarkable supplements to maintain cardiovascular health and are potential candidates for the treatment and prevention of platelet-related cardiovascular disorders.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The project was funded by the Korean Society of Ginseng (2020).

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