Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of nano-silica and micro-steel fiber on the engineering properties of ultra-high performance concrete

  • Hakeem, Ibrahim Y. (Department of Civil Engineering, Najran University) ;
  • Amin, Mohamed (Civil and Architectural Constructions Department, Faculty of Technology and Education, Suez University) ;
  • Abdelsalam, Bassam Abdelsalam (Civil and Architectural Constructions Department, Faculty of Technology and Education, Suez University) ;
  • Tayeh, Bassam A. (Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza) ;
  • Althoey, Fadi (Department of Civil Engineering, Najran University) ;
  • Agwa, Ibrahim Saad (Civil and Architectural Constructions Department, Faculty of Technology and Education, Suez University)
  • Received : 2021.02.22
  • Accepted : 2022.02.08
  • Published : 2022.05.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of nano silica (NS) and micro steel fiber on the properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). The experimental consists of three groups, each one with five percentages of NS content (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) in addition to the 20% silica fume and 20% quartz powder proportioned according to the weight of cement added to the mixtures. In addition, three percentages of micro steel fibers (0%, 1% and 2%) were considered. Different mixtures with varying percentages of NS and micro steel fibers were prepared to set the water-to-binder ratio, such as 0.16% and 1.8% superplasticizer proportioned according the weight of the binder materials. The fresh properties, mechanical properties and elevated temperatures of the mixtures were calculated. Then, the results from the microstructure analyses were compared with that of the reference mixtureand it was found that 6% replacement of cement with NS was optimum replacement level. When the NS content was increased from 0% to 6%, the air content and permeability of the mixture decreased by 35% and 39%, the compressive and tensile strength improved by 21% and 18% and the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity increased by 20% and 11.5%, respectively. However, the effect of micro steel fibres on the compressive strength was inconclusive. The overall results indicate that micro steel fibres have the potential to improve the tensile strength, flexure strength and modulus of elasticity of the UHPC. The use of 6% NS together with 1% micro-steel fiber increased the concrete strength and reduce the cost of concrete mix.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Deputyship for Research and Innovation- Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for this research through a grant (NU/IFC/ENT/01/016) under the institutional Funding Committee at Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

References

  1. Abbas, S., Nehdi, M. and Saleem, M. (2016), "Ultra-high performance concrete: Mechanical performance, durability, sustainability and implementation challenges", Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater., 10, 271-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-016-0157-4.
  2. Abdelsamie, K., Agwa, I.S., Tayeh, B.A. and Hafez, R.D.A. (2021), "Improving the brittle behaviour of high-strength concrete using keratin and glass fibres", Adv. Concrete Constr., 12(6), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2021.12.6.469.
  3. Abdul-Rahman, M., Al-Attar, A.A., Hamada, H.M. and Tayeh, B. (2020), "Microstructure and structural analysis of polypropylene fibre reinforced reactive powder concrete beams exposed to elevated temperature", J. Build. Eng., 29, 101167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101167.
  4. Agwa, I.S., Omar, O.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Abdelsalam, B.A. (2020), "Effects of using rice straw and cotton stalk ashes on the properties of lightweight self-compacting concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 235, 117541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117541.
  5. Al-Khalaf, M.N. and Yousif, H.A. (1984), "Use of rice husk ash in concrete", Int. J. Cement Compos. Lightw. Concrete, 6, 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(84)90019-8
  6. Alyaa, A.A.A., Mazin, B.A., Hussein, M.H. and Bassam, A.T. (2020), "Investigating the behaviour of hybrid fibre-reinforced reactive powder concrete beams after exposure to elevated temperatures", J. Mater. Res. Technol., 9.
  7. Amin, M. and Abdelsalam, B.A. (2019), "Efficiency of rice husk ash and fly ash as reactivity materials in sustainable concrete", Sustain. Environ. Res., 29, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-019-0035-2.
  8. Amin, M. and Abu el-Hassan, K. (2015), "Effect of using different types of nano materials on mechanical properties of high strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 80, 116-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.075.
  9. Amin, M. and Tayeh, B.A. (2020), "Investigating the mechanical and microstructure properties of fibre-reinforced lightweight concrete under elevated temperatures", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 13, e00459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00459.
  10. Amin, M., Tayeh, B.A. and Agwa, I.S. (2020), "Effect of using mineral admixtures and ceramic wastes as coarse aggregates on properties of ultrahigh-performance concrete", J. Clean. Prod., 273, 123073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123073.
  11. Amin, M., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Agwa, I.S. (2021a), "Effect of high temperatures on mechanical, radiation attenuation and microstructure properties of heavyweight geopolymer concrete", Struct. Eng. Mech., 80(2), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2021.80.2.181.
  12. Amin, M., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Agwa, I.S. (2021b), "Effects of nano cotton stalk and palm leaf ashes on ultrahigh-performance concrete properties incorporating recycled concrete aggregates", Constr. Build. Mater., 302, 124196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124196.
  13. Amin, M., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Agwa, I.S. (2021c), "Engineering properties of self-cured normal and high strength concrete produced using polyethylene glycol and porous ceramic waste as coarse aggregate", Constr. Build. Mater., 299, 124243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124243.
  14. Amin, M., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Agwa, I.S. (2022), "Effect of ferrosilicon and silica fume on mechanical, durability, and microstructure characteristics of ultra high-performance concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 320, 126233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126233.
  15. ASTM, C. (2007), Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar, C1437.
  16. RILEM Technical Committee 200-HTC Ulrich. schneider@ tuwien. ac. at. (2007), "Recommendation of RILEM TC 200-HTC: mechanical concrete properties at high temperatures-modelling and applications: Part 1: Introduction-General presentation", Mater. Struct., 40, 841-853. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9285-2.
  17. Baharuddin, N.K., Mohamed Nazri, F., Abu Bakar, B.H., Beddu, S. and A Tayeh, B. (2020), "Potential use of ultra high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete as a repair material for fire-damaged concrete in terms of bond strength", Int. J. Integr. Eng., 12.
  18. Berra, M., Carassiti, F., Mangialardi, T., Paolini, A. and Sebastiani, M. (2012), "Effects of nanosilica addition on workability and compressive strength of Portland cement pastes", Constr. Build. Mater., 35, 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.132.
  19. Bui, D., Hu, J. and Stroeven, P. (2005), "Particle size effect on the strength of rice husk ash blended gap-graded Portland cement concrete", Cement Concrete Compos., 27, 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.05.002.
  20. Buttignol, T.E.T., Sousa, J. and Bittencourt, T.N. (2017), "Ultra High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC): A review of material properties and design procedures", Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 10, 957-971. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952017000400011
  21. Chinchillas-Chinchillas, M.J., Gaxiola, A., Alvarado-Beltran, C.G., Orozco-Carmona, V.M., Pellegrini-Cervantes, M.J., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, M. and Castro-Beltran, A. (2020), "A new application of recycled-PET/PAN composite nanofibers to cement-based materials", J. Clean. Prod., 252, 119827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119827.
  22. Choe, G., Kim, G., Gucunski, N. and Lee, S. (2015), "Evaluation of the mechanical properties of 200 MPa ultra-high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures and residual strength of column", Constr. Build. Mater., 86, 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.074.
  23. Chun, B. and Yoo, D.Y. (2019), "Hybrid effect of macro and micro steel fibers on the pullout and tensile behaviors of ultra-high-performance concrete", Compos. Part B: Eng., 162, 344-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.026.
  24. Composition, C. (2011), Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements, BS EN, 197-191.
  25. de Azevedo, A.R., Amin, M., Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Agwa, I.S., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Adesina, A. (2022), "Possibilities for the application of agro-industrial wastes in cementitious materials: a brief review of the Brazilian perspective", Clean. Mater. 3, 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2021.100040.
  26. Du, H., Du, S. and Liu, X. (2014), "Durability performances of concrete with nano-silica", Constr. Build. Mater., 73, 705-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.014.
  27. Elsayed, M., Tayeh, B.A., Abou Elmaaty, M. and Aldahshoory, Y. (2022), "Behaviour of RC columns strengthened with Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) under eccentric loading", J. Build. Eng., 47, 103857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103857.
  28. EN, B.S. (2000), 197-1, Cement-Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements, British Standards Institution.
  29. Faiyadh, F. and Al-Ausi, M. (1989), "Effect of elevated temperature on splitting tensile strength of fibre concrete", Int. J. Cement Compos. Lightw. Concrete, 11, 175-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(89)90090-0.
  30. Faried, A.S., Mostafa, S.A., Tayeh, B.A. and Tawfik, T.A. (2021a), "The effect of using nano rice husk ash of different burning degrees on ultra-high-performance concrete properties", Constr. Build. Mater., 290, 123279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123279.
  31. Faried, A.S., Mostafa, S.A., Tayeh, B.A. and Tawfik, T.A. (2021b), "Mechanical and durability properties of ultra-high performance concrete incorporated with various nano waste materials under different curing conditions", J. Building Eng., 43, 102569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102569.
  32. Givi, A.N., Rashid, S.A., Aziz, F.N.A. and Salleh, M.A.M. (2010), "Experimental investigation of the size effects of SiO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of binary blended concrete", Compos. Part B: Eng., 41, 673-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.08.003.
  33. Givi, A.N., Rashid, S.A., Aziz, F.N.A. and Salleh, M.A.M. (2011), "The effects of lime solution on the properties of SiO2 nanoparticles binary blended concrete", Compos. Part B: Eng., 42, 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.10.002.
  34. Gupta, M. and Kumar, M. (2019), "Effect of nano silica and coir fiber on compressive strength and abrasion resistance of concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 226, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.232.
  35. Haido, J.H., Tayeh, B.A., Majeed, S.S. and Karpuzcu, M. (2021), "Effect of high temperature on the mechanical properties of basalt fibre self-compacting concrete as an overlay material", Constr. Build. Mater., 268, 121725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121725.
  36. Hamada, H.M., Alattar, A.A., Yahaya, F.M., Muthusamy, K. and Tayeh, B.A. (2021), "Mechanical properties of semi-lightweight concrete containing nano-palm oil clinker powder", Phys. Chem. Earth, Parts A/B/C, 121, 102977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2021.102977.
  37. Hamada, H.M., Alya'a, A., Yahaya, F.M., Muthusamy, K., Tayeh, B.A. and Humada, A.M. (2020), "Effect of high-volume ultrafine palm oil fuel ash on the engineering and transport properties of concrete", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 12, e00318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00318.
  38. Han, B., Sun, S., Ding, S., Zhang, L., Yu, X. and Ou, J. (2015), "Review of nanocarbon-engineered multifunctional cementitious composites", Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., 70, 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.12.002.
  39. Heniegal, A.M., Ramadan, M.A., Naguib, A. and Agwa, I.S. (2020), "Study on properties of clay brick incorporating sludge of water treatment plant and agriculture waste", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 13, e00397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00397.
  40. Hosseinpourpia, R., Varshoee, A., Soltani, M., Hosseini, P. and Tabari, H.Z. (2012), "Production of waste bio-fiber cement-based composites reinforced with nano-SiO2 particles as a substitute for asbestos cement composites", Constr. Build. Mater., 31, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.102.
  41. Ibrahim, O.M.O., Heniegal, A.M., Ibrahim, K.G. and Agwa, I.S. (2020), "Effect of horizontal joints on structural behavior of sustainable self-compacting reinforced concrete beams", Adv. Concrete Constr., 10, 455-462. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.10.5.455.
  42. Jalal, M., Mansouri, E., Sharifipour, M. and Pouladkhan, A.R. (2012), "Mechanical, rheological, durability and microstructural properties of high performance self-compacting concrete containing SiO2 micro and nanoparticles", Mater. Des., 34, 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.037.
  43. Ji, T. (2005), "Preliminary study on the water permeability and microstructure of concrete incorporating nano-SiO2", Cement Concrete Res., 35, 1943-1947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.07.004.
  44. Kahanji, C., Ali, F. and Nadjai, A. (2016), "Experimental study of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete under ISO 834 fire", Structures in Fire.
  45. Kajaste, R. and Hurme, M. (2016), "Cement industry greenhouse gas emissions-management options and abatement cost", J. Clean. Prod., 112, 4041-4052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.055.
  46. Khaliq, W. and Kodur, V. (2011a), "Effect of high temperature on tensile strength of different types of high-strength concrete", ACI Mater. J., 108(4), 394-402.
  47. Khaliq, W. and Kodur, V. (2011b), "Thermal and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced high performance self-consolidating concrete at elevated temperatures", Cement Concrete Res., 41, 1112-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.06.012.
  48. Khaloo, A., Raisi, E.M., Hosseini, P. and Tahsiri, H. (2014), "Mechanical performance of self-compacting concrete reinforced with steel fibers", Constr. Build. Mater., 51, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.054.
  49. Lee, Y.W., Kim, G.Y., Gucunski, N., Choe, G.C. and Yoon, M.H. (2016), "Thermal strain behavior and strength degradation of ultra-high-strength-concrete", Mater. Struct., 49, 3411-3421. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0728-x.
  50. Li, H., Xiao, H.G. and Ou, J.P. (2004), "A study on mechanical and pressure-sensitive properties of cement mortar with nanophase materials", Cement Concrete Res., 34, 435-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.08.025.
  51. Liang, X., Wu, C., Su, Y., Chen, Z. and Li, Z. (2018), "Development of ultra-high performance concrete with high fire resistance", Constr. Build. Mater., 179, 400-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.241.
  52. Liang, X., Wu, C., Yang, Y., Wu, C. and Li, Z. (2019), "Coupled effect of temperature and impact loading on tensile strength of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete", Compos. Struct., 229, 111432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111432.
  53. Liu, J., Chen, H., Guan, B., Liu, K., Wen, J. and Sun, Z. (2018), "Influence of mineral nano-fibers on the physical properties of road cement concrete material", Constr. Build. Mater., 190, 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.025.
  54. Madani, H., Bagheri, A. and Parhizkar, T. (2012), "The pozzolanic reactivity of monodispersed nanosilica hydrosols and their influence on the hydration characteristics of Portland cement", Cement Concrete Res., 42, 1563-1570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.004.
  55. Madlool, N.A., Saidur, R., Hossain, M.S. and Rahim, N. (2011), "A critical review on energy use and savings in the cement industries", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 15, 2042-2060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.005.
  56. Mansour, W. and Tayeh, B.A. (2020), "Shear behaviour of RC beams strengthened by various ultrahigh performance fibre-reinforced concrete systems", Adv. Civil Eng., 2020, Article ID 2139054. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2139054.
  57. Matte, V., Moranville, M., Adenot, F., Richet, C. and Torrenti, J.M. (2000), "Simulated microstructure and transport properties of ultra-high performance cement-based materials", Cement Concrete Res., 30, 1947-1954. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00288-X.
  58. Meng, W. and Khayat, K.H. (2016), "Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete enhanced with graphite nanoplatelets and carbon nanofibers", Compos. Part B: Eng., 107, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.069.
  59. Mosaberpanah, M.A., Eren, O. and Tarassoly, A.R. (2019), "The effect of nano-silica and waste glass powder on mechanical, rheological, and shrinkage properties of UHPC using response surface methodology", J. Mater. Res. Technol., 8, 804-811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.06.011.
  60. Mohammed, A.N., Johari, M.A.M., Zeyad, A.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Yusuf, M.O. (2014), "Improving the engineering and fluid transport properties of ultra-high strength concrete utilizing ultrafine palm oil fuel ash", J. Adv. Concrete Technol., 12, 127-137. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.12.127.
  61. Naniz, O.A. and Mazloom, M. (2018), "Effects of colloidal nano-silica on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete", J. Build. Eng., 20, 400-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.08.014.
  62. Nazari, A. and Riahi, S. (2011), "The effects of SiO2 nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties of high strength compacting concrete", Compos. Part B: Eng., 42, 570-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.09.025.
  63. OBE, R.K.D., de Brito, J., Silva, R.V. and Lye, C.Q. (2019), Sustainable Construction Materials: Recycled Aggregates, Woodhead Publishing.
  64. Olivier, G., Combrinck, R., Kayondo, M. and Boshoff, W.P. (2018), "Combined effect of nano-silica, super absorbent polymers, and synthetic fibres on plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 192, 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.102.
  65. Park, S.H., Kim, D.J., Ryu, G.S. and Koh, K.T. (2012), "Tensile behavior of ultra high performance hybrid fiber reinforced concrete", Cement Concrete Compos., 34, 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.09.009.
  66. Rashad, A., Bai, Y., Basheer, P., Collier, N. and Milestone, N. (2012), "Chemical and mechanical stability of sodium sulfate activated slag after exposure to elevated temperature", Cement Concrete Res., 42, 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.10.007.
  67. Reddy, P.N. and Naqash, J.A. (2019), "Effect of alccofine on mechanical and durability index properties of green concrete", IJE Trans C Asp, 32, 813-819.
  68. Saad, M., Agwa, I.S., Abdelsalam Abdelsalam, B. and Amin, M. (2020), "Improving the brittle behavior of high strength concrete using banana and palm leaf sheath fibers", Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2020.1780352.
  69. Said, A.M., Zeidan, M.S., Bassuoni, M. and Tian, Y. (2012), "Properties of concrete incorporating nano-silica", Constr. Build. Mater., 36, 838-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.044.
  70. Senff, L., Modolo, R., Tobaldi, D., Ascencao, G., Hotza, D., Ferreira, V. and Labrincha, J. (2015), "The influence of TiO2 nanoparticles and poliacrilonitrile fibers on the rheological behavior and hardened properties of mortars", Constr. Build. Mater., 75, 315-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.002.
  71. Shahidan, S., Tayeh, B.A., Jamaludin, A., Bahari, N., Mohd, S., Ali, N.Z. and Khalid, F. (2017), "Physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete containing superplasticizer and metakaolin", IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 271(1), 012004.
  72. Shen, D., Liu, K., Wen, C., Shen, Y. and Jiang, G. (2019), "Early-age cracking resistance of ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 222, 278-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.028.
  73. Sherif, M. (2017), "Effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of nano materials concrete", Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol., 7, 1-9.
  74. Shih, J.Y., Chang, T.P. and Hsiao, T.C. (2006), "Effect of nanosilica on characterization of Portland cement composite", Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 424, 266-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.03.010.
  75. Shimoda, K., Hinoki, T. and Kohyama, A. (2010), "Effect of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) content on thermal and mechanical properties of CNFs/SiC nanocomposites", Compos. Sci. Technol., 70, 387-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.11.013.
  76. Sobia, A.Q., Hamidah, M.S., Azmi, I. and Rafeeqi, S.F. (2015), "Elevated temperature resistance of ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composites", Mag. Concrete Res. 67, 923-937. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00134.
  77. Tayeh, B.A., Aadi, A.S., Hilal, N.N., Bakar, B.A., Al-Tayeb, M.M. and Mansour, W.N. (2019), "Properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)-A review paper", AIP Conference Proceedings, 2157(1), 020040. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5126575.
  78. Tayeh, B.A., Abu Bakar, B.H., Johari, M. and Zeyad, A.M. (Year), "The role of silica fume in the adhesion of concrete restoration systems", Adv. Mater. Res., 626, 265-269. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.626.265.
  79. Tayeh, B.A., Al Saffar, D.M., Aadi, A.S. and Almeshal, I. (2020a), "Sulphate resistance of cement mortar contains glass powder", J. King Saud Univ.-Eng. Sci., 32, 495-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2019.07.002.
  80. Tayeh, B.A., Alyousef, R., Alabduljabbar, H. and Alaskar, A. (2021a), "Recycling of rice husk waste for a sustainable concrete: A critical review", J. Clean. Prod., 312, 127734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127734.
  81. Tayeh, B.A., Hasaniyah, M.W., Zeyad, A.M., Awad, M.M., Alaskar, A., Mohamed, A.M. and Alyousef, R. (2020b), "Durability and mechanical properties of seashell partially-replaced cement", J. Build. Eng., 31, 101328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101328.
  82. Tayeh, B.A., Zeyad, A.M., Agwa, I.S. and Amin, M. (2021b), "Effect of elevated temperatures on mechanical properties of lightweight geopolymer concrete", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 15, e00673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00673.
  83. Tobbala, D., Abdelsalam, B.A. and Agwa, I.S. (2020), "Bond performance of a hybrid coating zinc-rich epoxy incorporating nano-ferrite for steel rebars subjected to high temperatures in concrete", J. Build. Eng., 32, 101698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101698.
  84. Vincent, T. and Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2013), "Influence of concrete strength and confinement method on axial compressive behavior of FRP confined high-and ultra high-strength concrete", Compos. Part B: Eng., 50, 413-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.02.017.
  85. Wang, H., Gao, X., Liu, J., Ren, M. and Lu, A. (2018), "Multi-functional properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced reactive powder concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 187, 699-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.229.
  86. Wille, K., Naaman, A.E. and Parra-Montesinos, G.J. (2011), "Ultra-High performance concrete with compressive strength exceeding 150 MPa (22 ksi): A simpler way", ACI Mater. J., 108(1), 46-34.
  87. Xiong, M.X. and Liew, J.R. (2015), "Spalling behavior and residual resistance of fibre reinforced Ultra-High performance concrete after exposure to high temperatures", Materiales de Construccion, 65, 071. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2015.00715.
  88. Xiong, M.X. and Liew, J.R. (2016), "Mechanical behaviour of ultra-high strength concrete at elevated temperatures and fire resistance of Ultra-High strength concrete filled steel tubes", Mater. Des., 104, 414-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.050.
  89. Yazici, H., Yigiter, H., Karabulut, A.S. and Baradan, B. (2008), "Utilization of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag as an alternative silica source in reactive powder concrete", Fuel, 87, 2401-2407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.005.
  90. Yoo, D.Y., Shin, H.O., Yang, J.M. and Yoon, Y.S. (2014), "Material and bond properties of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete with micro steel fibers", Compos. Part B: Eng., 58, 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.081.
  91. Yu, R., Spiesz, P. and Brouwers, H. (2014a), "Effect of nano-silica on the hydration and microstructure development of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with a low binder amount", Constr. Build. Mater., 65, 140-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.063.
  92. Yu, R., Tang, P., Spiesz, P. and Brouwers, H. (2014b), "A study of multiple effects of nano-silica and hybrid fibres on the properties of Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) incorporating waste bottom ash (WBA)", Constr. Build. Mater., 60, 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.059.
  93. Zeyad, A.M., Azmi Megat Johari, M., Abutaleb, A. and Tayeh, B.A. (2021a), "The effect of steam curing regimes on the chloride resistance and pore size of high-strength green concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 280, 122409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122409.
  94. Zeyad, A.M., Johari, M.A.M., Alharbi, Y.R., Abadel, A.A., Amran, Y.H.M., Tayeh, B.A. and Abutaleb, A. (2021b), "Influence of steam curing regimes on the properties of ultrafine POFA-based high-strength green concrete", J. Build. Eng., 38, 102204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102204.
  95. Zeyad, A.M., Megat Johari, M.A., Tayeh, B.A. and Yusuf, M.O. (2016), "Efficiency of treated and untreated palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary binder on engineering and fluid transport properties of high-strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 125, 1066-1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.065.
  96. Zeyad, A.M., Megat Johari, M.A., Tayeh, B.A. and Yusuf, M.O. (2017), "Pozzolanic reactivity of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash waste on strength and durability performances of high strength concrete", J. Clean. Prod., 144, 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.121.
  97. Zhang, L., Ding, S., Li, L., Dong, S., Wang, D., Yu, X. and Han, B. (2018), "Effect of characteristics of assembly unit of CNT/NCB composite fillers on properties of smart cement-based materials", Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., 109, 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.03.020.