DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

자녀가 지각한 부모의 의미가 우울에 미치는 영향 : 삶의 의미의 매개효과

The Effect of Meaning of Parents to Depression : Mediating effect of Meaning in Life

  • 조설애 (부산대학교 사회과학연구원)
  • Jo, Seolae (Social Science Research Center, Pusan National University)
  • 투고 : 2022.03.20
  • 심사 : 2022.04.20
  • 발행 : 2022.04.28

초록

본 연구는 자녀가 지각한 부모의 의미가 우울에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 삶의 의미의 매개효과가 있는지, 부모의 의미의 연령차가 있는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 청소년 후기, 성인 초기, 중년기, 노년기 각각 100명씩 총 400명을 대상으로 한 온라인 설문조사 자료를 분석하였다. 연구 결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 부모의 의미는 삶의 의미와 정적 상관이 나타났으며, 우울과는 부적 상관을 보였다. 삶의 의미와 우울은 부정 상관을 나타냈다. 둘째, 청소년 후기, 성인 초기, 중년기, 노년기의 연령에 따라 부모의 의미의 차이가 나타나는지 확인한 결과 연령에 따른 차이는 없었다. 셋째, 구조방정식을 통해 자녀가 지각한 부모의 의미와 우울 간의 관계에서 삶의 의미의 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 부모의 의미는 삶의 의미를 낮춤으로써 우울을 높이는 것으로 나타나 삶의 의미의 매개효과가 유의하였다. 따라서 부모의 의미를 증진하고 삶의 의미를 높이는 방안을 통해 청소년 후기와 성인기의 우울을 감소시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 실용적 함의와 후속 연구를 위한 제한점을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences of the meaning of parents in age, and relationship between meaning of parents, meaning in life and depression. The online survey data of 400 including 100 late-adolescents, 100 young adults, 100 mid adults, and 100 older adults was used. The main results were as follows. First, meaning of parents was positively correlated with meaning in life and negatively correlated with depression. Also meaning in life was negatively correlated with depression. Second, there were no age difference in meaning of parents in anova analysis. Third, through structural equation modeling showed that meaning of parents had significant effect on depression mediated by meaning in life. These findings suggested that meaning of parents and meaning in life can be protactive factors on depression. Finally, practical implications and limitataions were suggested for future research.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2020S1A5B5A16084124).

참고문헌

  1. S. K. Shung & J. S. Kim. (2021). Social determinants of depression among Korean adults: Results from a longitudinal study. Mental Health & Social Work, 49(1), 229-258. https://doi.org/10.24301/MHSW.2021.3.49.1.229
  2. Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2022). 2021 Mental Health Survey Results.
  3. S. I. Kim & Y. C. Jung. (2001). The Relationship between Adolescents' Depression Tenbdency and Their Home-Enviorment. Studies on Korean Youth, 12(1), 5-27.
  4. Y. N. Kim & G. C. Lee. (2018). A Multilevel Analysis of Effect of Community Safety on Depression : Comparison among Age Groups. The Women's Studies, 99(4), 5-3. https://doi.org/10.33949/tws.2018.99.4.001
  5. D. Richards. (2011). Prevalence and clinical course of depression: a review. Clinical psychology review, 31(7), 1117-1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.004
  6. T. Troister, M. T. D'Agata & R. R. Holden. (2015). Suicide risk screening: Comparing the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Psychache Scale in undergraduates. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1500-1505. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000126
  7. Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2022). 2021 Covid-19 Nation Mental Health Survey Results.
  8. G. Y. Kim & . H. Park. (2019). Perceived Helicopter Parenting and Depression Among Korean University Students: The Mediating Effect of Assertiveness. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 40(4), 165-177. https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2019.40.4.165
  9. M. S. Kim & H. H. Chung. (2017). The Mediating Effects of Teacher Attachment and Peer Attachment in the Relation between Marital Conflicts between Parents as Perceived by Early Adolescents and Depression. Studies on Korean Youth, 24(1), 167-194.
  10. G. Trommsdorff. (2000). Effects of social change on individual development: The role of social and personal factors and the timing of events. In L. J. Crockett & R. K. Silbereisen (Eds.), Negotiating adolescence in times of social change (pp. 58-68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  11. D. H. Kim. (2021). 50 years from now, life expectancy is 91.2 years, the highest in the OECD. Yonhapnesw (Online). https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20211212051000002
  12. S. M. Kwon. (2017). Psychology in Relationships. Seoul: Hakjisa.
  13. J. E. Cooke, L. B. Kochendorfer, K. L. Stuart-Parrigon, A. J. Koehn & K. A. Kerns. (2019). Parent-child attachment and children's experience and regulation of emotion: A meta-analytic review. Emotion, 19(6), 1103-1126. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000504
  14. B. Laursen & W. A. Collins. (2009). Parent-child relationships during adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development (pp. 3-42). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  15. A. Del Casale, C. Zocchi, G. D. Kotzalidis, F. Fiasche & P. Girardi. (2021). Prevention of depression in children, adolescents, and young adults: the role of teachers and parents. Psychiatry International, 2(3), 353-364. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2030027
  16. A. Spruit, L. Goos, N. Weenink, R. Rodenburg, H. Niemeyer, G. J. Stams & C. Colonnesi. (2020). The relation between attachment and depression in children and adolescents: A multilevel meta-analysis. Clinical child and family psychology review, 23(1), 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9
  17. U. C. Kim, Y. S. Park, E. Y. Kim, A. Tsuda & S. Horiuchi. (2009). The influence of parental social Psychology 5(5), 367-376. support and resiliency of efficacy on stress, depression, and stress management behavior: Comparative analysis of elementary school, middle school, and university students. Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, 16(2), 197-219.
  18. S. A. Jo. & Y. S. Chong. (2017). The Relations between Meaning of Parents, Satisfaction ofRelationship, Happiness and Adaptation in College Students. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30(1), 117-138.
  19. S. A. Jo. & Y. S. Chong. (2018). The Effect of Ambivalence of Meaning of Children on Happiness in Middle-aged:Mediating Effect of Quality of Relationships. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31(4), 167-197. https://doi.org/10.35574/KJDP.2018.12.31.4.167
  20. S. A. Jo. (2021). The Effect of Meaning of Spouse to Quality of Marital Relation and Happines. Family and Culture, 33(3), 143-187. https://doi.org/10.21478/FAMILY.33.3.202109.005
  21. R. F. Baumeister. (1999). Self-concept, self-esteem, and identity. In V. J. Derlega, B. A. Winstead, & W. H. Jones (Eds.), Personality: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 339- 375). Nelson-Hall Publishers.
  22. S. J. Heintzelman, & L. A. King. (2014). Life is pretty meaningful. American psychologist, 69(6), 561-574. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035049
  23. P. T. P. Wong. (2012). The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  24. D. Oyserman. (2011). Culture as situated cognition: Cultural mindsets, cultural fluency, and meaning making, European review of social psychology, 22(1), 164-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2011.627187
  25. S. Y. Kim & T. Y. Jeong. (2013). Meaning of children for Korean mothers. Collection of Materials for Conference of The Korean Psychological Association.
  26. J. J. Lee & S. J. Choi. (2003). The Construction and Validation of Parent-Adolescent Affective Bonding Scale. The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 17(3), 87-104.
  27. J. S. Choi, Y. S. Park. U. C. Kim & H. S. Heo. (2004). Adolescents' Feeling of Indebtedness of their Parents and It's Psychological Impact. Collection of Materials for Conference of The Korean Psychological Association.
  28. T. U. Kim, Y. S. Park & U. C. Kim. (2010). Psychological Analysis for Parents' Sacrifice in Adolescents. Collection of Materials for Conference of The Korean Association Of Human Development.
  29. S. J. Choi & S. Y. Yu. (1996). Explorary study for Shim-Cheong Psychology. Collection of Materials for Conference of The Korean Psychological Association.
  30. Y. S. Park. & U. C. Kim. (2004). Korean parent-child relationship: Indigenous psychological exploration of self-concept and family role recognition, Seoul: Kyoyookbook.
  31. J. Y. Park & H. J. Yang. (2017). The Effects of Mother's Role Performance on Middle Schoolers' School Adjustment: Mediating Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Parent-Child Affective Bonding. The Korean Journal of Applied Developmental Psychoology, 6(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.22839/ADP.2017.6.1.21
  32. S. Y. Park & W. M. Kwon. (2014). The Relationships of Meaning in Lifewith Subjective Well-Being and Depression: Comparison between University Students and Middle-Aged Adults. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 549-569. https://doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2014.33.3.006
  33. Y. S. Chong, S. A. Jo, J. S. Ahn & Y. J. Jeong. (2012). Effect of Family Relations as a Source of Meaning of Life and Self-transcendence Value on Successful Aging In Korean Elders. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(1), 19-41.
  34. L. Bar-Tur, R. Savaya & E. Prager. (2001). Sources of meaning of life for young and old israeli jew and arabs, Journal of Aging Studies, 15(3), 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(01)00022-6
  35. R. A. Emmons. (2003). Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Well springs of a positive life. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 105-128). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  36. M. E. Grouden, & P. E. Jose. (2015). Do sources of meaning differentially predict search for meaning, presence of meaning, and wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(1), 33-52. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v5i1.3
  37. S. Hupkens, A. Machielse, M. Goumans & P. Derkx. (2018). Meaning in life of older persons: An integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics, 25(8), 973-991. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016680122
  38. N. M. Lambert, T. F. Stillman, R. F. Baumeister, F. D. Fincham, J. A. Hicks & S. M. Graham. (2010). Family as a salient source of meaning in life in young adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology 5(5), 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.516616
  39. N. M. Lambert, T. F. Stillman, J. A. Hicks, S. Kamble, R. F. Baumeister & F. D. Fincham. (2013). To belong is to matter sense of belonging enhances meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(11), 1418-1427 https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499186
  40. O. Stavrova & M. Luhmann. (2016). Social connectedness as a source and consequence of meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 470-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1117127
  41. J. A. Son, J. J. Kim & M. S. Han. (2019). Mediating Effect of Meaning in Life on the Relationship between Social Connectedness and Depression among Middle-aged Women. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 28(4), 373-381. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2019.28.4.373
  42. E. B. Lee & S. R. Noh. (2019). The Influence of Subjective Age on Subjective Well-Being and Depression in Middle-Aged and the Elderly: The Mediating Effect of Meaning in Life. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 39(2), 363-388. https://doi.org/10.31888/JKGS.2019.39.2.363
  43. J. Y. Huo, X. Q. Wang, M. F. Steger, Y. Ge, Y. C. Wang, M. F. Liu & B. J. Ye. (2020). Implicit meaning in life: The assessment and construct validity of implicit meaning in life and relations with explicit meaning in life and depression. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(4), 500-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1639793
  44. M. F. Steger, T. B. Kashdan, & S. Oishi. (2008). Being good by doing good: Daily eudaimonic activity and well-being. Journal of research in personality, 42(1), 22-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.03.004
  45. S. H. Cho. (2019). Effects of Meaning-Centered Therapy on Depressive Symptoms in Adults and Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 28(4), 333-343. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2019.28.4.333
  46. M. Guerrero-Torrelles, C. Monforte-Royo, J. Tomas-Sabado, F. Marimon, J. Porta-Sales & A. Balaguer. (2017). Meaning in life as a mediator between physical impairment and the wish to hasten death in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 54(6), 826-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.04.018
  47. J. Shao, J. Shen, Q. Zhang & T. Lin. (2013). Meaning in life and well-being of older stroke survivors in Chinese communities: Mediating effects of mastery and self-esteem. Health, 5(4), 743-748. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.54098
  48. H. J. Bang. (2000). Developmental exploration on the characteristics of a parent-child relationships in Korean society. Korean Journal of Psycholical and Social Issues, 6(3), 41-65.
  49. M. J. Cheong & Y. H. Hong. (2018). Moderate Effect of Spouse Child Support in Relation to Life Stress and Satisfaction of Middle-Aged Housewife having Married Children in Korean Society. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 23(3), 313-334. https://doi.org/10.18205/kpa.2018.23.3.001
  50. M. F. Steger, P. Frazier, S. Oishi & M. Kaler. (2004). The development and validation of the meaning in life questionnaire. Unpublished Manuscript. University of Minnesota.
  51. D. R. Won, K. H. Kim & S. J. Kwon. (2005). Validation of the Korean Version of Meaning in Life Questionnaire. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 10(2), 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105305049769
  52. R. C. Kessler, G. Andrew, L. J. Cople, E. Hiripi, D. K. Mroczek, T. Normand, E. E. Walters & A. Zaslavsky, (2002). Short screening scales to monitopopulation prevalences and trends in nonspecific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959-976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006074
  53. S. Hong, M. L. Malik & M. K. Lee. (2003). Testing configural, metric, scalar, and latent mean invariance across genders in sociotropy and autonomy using a non-Western sample. Educational and psychological measurement, 63(4), 636-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403251332
  54. J. Y. Choi & K. H. Kim. (2019). Effects of indirect expression of parental affection on youth depression, suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior. Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare, 66, 185-217. https://doi.org/10.24300/jkscw.2019.06.66.185
  55. M. S. Kang & S. K. Kim. (2020). The Moderating Effects of Internet Addiction on the Relationship between Parenting Attitude and Depression/Anxiety. Korea Journal of Counseling, 21(5), 299-314. https://doi.org/10.15703/KJC.21.5.202010.299
  56. K. J. Moon & K. J. Oh. (2002). The relationship between perceived parental behaviors and early adolescents' depression and anxiety. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21(1), 29-43.
  57. Y. H. Ha. (2004). Effects of Parent-Adolescent Relationships and Depressionon Adolescents' Problem Behavior. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 12(2), 42-52.
  58. Y. S. Park, U. C. Kim & Y. Y. Shin. (2008). Analysis of filial behavior and expression among high school students to their parents. Collection of Materials for Conference of The Korean Psychological Association.
  59. J. S. Choi, Y. S. Park, U. C. Kim & H. S. Huh. (2004). Adolescents' feeling of indebtedness of their parents and its psychological impact. Collection of Materials for Conference of The Korean Psychological Association.
  60. I. S. Kwak. (2013) Study on Family Strength and Happiness of the Pre-Elderly and the Elderly. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 51(1), 1-16.
  61. Y H. Kim & H. Y. Ahn. (2014). Mediating Effects of Achievement Pressure and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy on the Relationships between Parent-Child Bonding, Parental Socioeconomic Status, and College Students' Career Decisions. Korean Journal Of Counseling And Psychotherapy, 26(3), 657-682.
  62. H. S. Jang. (2002). Attachments to parents, separation - individuation and psychological adjustment in late adolescence. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 101-121.
  63. C. Kagitcibasi. (2012). Sociocultural change and integrative syntheses in human development: Autonomous-related self and social-cognitive competence. Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00173.x
  64. F. Rothbaum & G. Trommsdorff. (2007). Do roots and wings complement or oppose one another?: The socialization of relatedness and autonomy in cultural context. In J. E. Grusec, & P. Hastings (Eds.), The Handbook of socialization, (pp. 461-489). New York: The Guilford Press.
  65. C. Kagitcibasi. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959
  66. S. J. Choi & K. B. Kim. (2011). Cutural Psychology. Jisik Sanup Publications Co., Ltd.
  67. J. J. Arnett. (2016). Life stage concepts across history and cultures: Proposal for a new field on indigenous life stages. Human Development, 59(5), 290-316. https://doi.org/10.1159/000453627
  68. I. Seiffge-Krenke. (2006). Coping with relationship stressors: The impact of different working models of attachment and links to adaptation. Journal of youth and adolescence, 35(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9015-4
  69. N. Schmidt. & V. Sermat. (1983). Measuring loneliness in different relationships. Journal of personality and social psychology, 44(5), 1038-1047. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1038
  70. Y. S. Park, Y. S. Lee, S. H. Lee, & T. O. Kim. (2015). The Effects of Parent-Child Relationship and Self-Efficacy on Adolescent Academic Achievement and Filial Piety. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 29(3), 505-542. https://doi.org/10.17286/KJEP.2015.29.3.06
  71. Y. S. Park, U. C. Kim, Y. Y. Lee & Y. S. Lee. (2014). Perception of filial piety and its relationship toacademic achievement among adolescents: With specific focus on the influence of parental social support and parent-child relational efficacy. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 21(10), 415-443.
  72. J. H. Kim & G. S. Yoo. (2017). Perceived quality of parent-child relationships and attitudes toward filial duty contracts among young adult children. Journal of Family Relations, 22(3), 155-183. https://doi.org/10.21321/jfr.22.3.155
  73. R. A. Emmons & C. A. Crumpler. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 19(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.56
  74. S. R. Baumgardner & M. K. Crothers. (2009). Positive Psychology. Pearson.
  75. P. Watkins, J. Scheer, M. Ovnicek & R. Kolts. (2006). The debt of gratitude: Dissociating gratitude and indebtedness. Cognition & Emotion, 20(2), 217-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930500172291
  76. P. C. Watkins, K. Woodward, T. Stone & R. Kolts. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 31(5), 431-451. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.431
  77. Y. S. Park, U. C. Kim, K. H. Han. (2003). How Korean children and adolescents perceive their parents: Indigenous psychological analysis. The Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issues, 9(2), 127-164.
  78. V. E. Frankl. (1963). Men's searching for meaning: Am introduction to logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press.
  79. A. J. Applebaum, K. L. Buda, E. Schofield, M.. Farberov, N. D. Teitelbaum, K. Evans & R. S. Cannady. (2018). Exploring the cancer caregiver's journey through web-based Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy. Psycho-oncology, 27(3), 847-856. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4583
  80. C. H. Kim. (2018). The effects of the Group Logotherapy for Community-dwelling Elderly with Depressive Symptoms. Seoul National University Doctoral Dessertation.
  81. S. Robatmili, F. Sohrabi, M. A. Shahrak, S. Talepasand, M. Nokani & M. Hasani. (2015). The effect of group logotherapy on meaning in life and depression levels of Iranian students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 37(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9225-0
  82. S. H. Cho. (2008). Meaning of Life in Wives of Alcoholics: Autobiographical Method. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 38(5), 758-767. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2008.38.5.758
  83. R. F. Baumeister, & B. Wilson. (1996). Life stories and the four need for meaning. Psychological Inquiry, 7(4), 322-325. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0704_2
  84. E. M. Gortner, S. S. Rude & J. W. Pennebaker. (2006). Benefits of expressive writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behavior therapy, 37(3), 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.004
  85. A. G. Harvey & C. Farrell. (2003). The efficacy of a Pennebaker-like writing intervention for poor sleepers. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15402010BSM0102_4
  86. J. W. Pennebaker & C. K. Chung. (2007). Expressive Writing, Emotional Upheavals, and Health. In H. S. Friedman & R. C. Silver (Eds.), Foundations of health psychology (pp. 263-284). Oxford University Press.
  87. J. W. Pennebaker & C. K. Chung. (2011). Expressive writing: Connections to physical and mental health. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 417-437). Oxford University Press.