Ocean and Polar Research

Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (한국해양과학기술원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characteristics of Water Quality and Chlorophyll-a in the Seawater Zone of the Yeongsan River Estuary: Long-term (2009-2018) Data Analysis

영산강 하구 해수역의 수질 및 식물플랑크톤 생체량(chlorophyll-a) 변동 특성: 장기(2009-2018년) 자료 분석

  • Park, Sangjun (Department Ocean System Engineering, General Graduate School, Mokpo National Maritime University) ;
  • Sin, Yongsik (Department Ocean System Engineering, General Graduate School, Mokpo National Maritime University)
  • 박상준 (국립목포해양대학교 일반대학원 해양시스템공학과) ;
  • 신용식 (국립목포해양대학교 일반대학원 해양시스템공학과)
  • Received : 2021.08.24
  • Accepted : 2021.12.30
  • Published : 2022.03.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The Yeongsan River estuary was altered by a sea dike built in 1981 and the sluice gates in the dike were extended recently in 2014. The construction has caused changes in water properties and hydrodynamics and also produced disturbances including hypoxia and algal blooms. We analyzed the water quality and chlorophyll-a data (2009-2018) collected seasonally at 3 stations (Sts. 1-3) along the channel of the estuary by the Marine Environmental Monitoring System. Variations in water quality and chlorophyll-a (an index of phytoplankton biomass) were examined and their stressors were also identified by statistics including correlation and multivariate principal component analyses (PCA). The water quality was mainly affected by freshwater discharge from the dike. Salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll-a were especially affected by the discharge and the effect enhanced during summer and at the upper region near the sea dike decreasing downstream. Three factors were extracted for each station in the PCA accounting for 66.07-72.42% of the variations. The first was an external factor associated with freshwater discharge and the second and third were seasonal or biological factors. The results indicate that the water quality is more affected by short-termed and episodic events such as freshwater discharge than seasonal events and the influence of freshwater discharge on water quality is more extensive than that previously reported. This suggests that the boundary of the estuary should be extended to take into account the findings of this study and a management strategy linked to the freshwater zone is required to manage the integrity and water quality of the Yeongsan River estuary.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

좋은 논문이 될 수 있도록 면밀히 검토해주신 심사위원님들께 감사드립니다.

References

  1. Kang JW (1996) Tide/Tidal currents changes by construction of seadike/seawalls near the coastal zone of Mokpo. KSCE J CEER 16(2-6):611-619
  2. Kang JW, Song JJ, Oh NS (1998) Analysis of ebb-dominant tidal currents characteristics at Mokpo coastal zone. KSCE J CEER 18(2-2):185-193
  3. KHOA (2021) Ocean data in grid framework. Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency. www.khoa.go.kr/oceangrid/khoa/intro.do Accessed 7 Dec 2021
  4. Kim KW (2001) Seasonal variations of marine water quality and eutrophication index in Mokpo harbour. J Korean Soc Mar Environ Energy 4(3):3-15
  5. Kim SH, Sin YS (2019) Bacterial distribution and relationship with phytoplankton in the Youngsan River estuary. JMLS 4(2):53-62
  6. Kim SH, Sin YS (2020) Semidiurnal tidal variation in water quality in Asan Bay during four seasons. JMLS 5(1):25-33
  7. Kim YS, Koo JH, Kwon JN, Lee WC (2018) A study on the origin of organic matter in seawater in Korean estuaries using chemical oxygen demand. Korean Soc Mar Environ Saf 24(6):735-749 https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2018.24.6.735
  8. Park MO, Lee YW, Cho SA, Kim HM, Park JK, Kim SG, Kim SS, Lee SM (2021) A study on the appropriateness as organic matters indicator and the distribution of chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon in Masan bay, Korea. J Korean Soc Oceanogr 26(2):82-95
  9. Park S, Sin Y, Kim J (2018) The assessment of aquatic ecosystem health, based on phytoplankton indicators and quality parameters, in the seawater zone of Geum River estuary. J Korean Soc Mar Environ Energy 21(3):228-241 https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2018.21.3.228
  10. Park HB, Kang K, Lee GH, Shin HJ (2012) Distribution of salinity and temperature due to the freshwater discharge in the Yeongsan estuary in the summer of 2010. J Korean Soc Oceanogr 17(3):139-148
  11. Baek SH (2014) Distribution characteristics of chemical oxygen demand and Escherichia coli based on pollutant sources at Gwangyang bay of south sea in Korea. JKAIS 15(5):3279-3285
  12. Song ES, Cho KA, Shin YS (2015) Exploring the dynamics of dissolved oxygen and vertical density structure of water column in the Youngsan lake. J Environ Sci Int 24(2):163-174 https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2015.24.2.163
  13. Sin Y, Yu H (2018) Phytoplankton community and surrounding water conditions in the Youngsan River estuary: weekly variation in the saltwater zone. Ocean Polar Res 40(4):191-202
  14. Yang ER, Jeong BK, Lee EJ, Ryu DK, Shin YS (2014) Size and species composition of phytoplankton related to anthropogenic environmental changes in Doam bay. J Environ Sci Int 23(6):1183-1197 https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2014.23.6.1183
  15. Yoon BB, Lee EJ, Kang TA, Shin YS (2013) Long-term change of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a), environmental factors and freshwater discharge in Youngsan estuary. KJEE 46(2):205-214 https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2013.46.2.205
  16. Jeong YH, Yand JS (2015) The long-term variations of water qualities in the Saemangeum salt-water lake after sea-daik construction. J Korean Soc Mar Environ Energy 18(2):51-63 https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2015.18.2.51
  17. Jeong YH, Cho MK, Lee DG, Doo SM, Choi HS, Yang JS (2016) Seasonal variations in seawater quality due to freshwater discharge in Asan bay. Korean Soc Mar Environ Saf 22(5):454-467 https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2016.22.5.454
  18. MOF (2021) Marine environment management act. Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. http://www.mof.go.kr Accessed 9 Jul 2021
  19. Barcena JF, Garcia-Alba J, Garcia A, Alvarez C (2016) Analysis of stratification patterns in river-influenced mesotidal andmacrotidal estuaries using 3D hydrodynamic modelling and K-means clustering. Estuar Coast Shelf S 181(5):1-13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.005
  20. Bharathi MD, Sarma VVSS, Ramaneswari K (2018) Intraannual variations in phytoplankton biomass and its composition in the tropical estuary: influence of river discharge. Mar Pollut Bull 129:14-25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.007
  21. Billen G, Garnier J (2007) River basin nutrient delivery to the coastal sea: assessing its potential to sustain new production of non-siliceous algae. Mar Chem 106:148-160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.12.017
  22. Costanza R, d'Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O'Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260 https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0
  23. Davies OA, Ugwumba OA (2013) Tidal influence on nutrients status and phytoplankton population of Okpoka creek, upper Bonny Estuary, Nigeria. J Mar Biol 2013:1-16. doi:10.1155/2013/684739
  24. Diaz RJ, Rosenberg R (1995) Marine benthic hypoxia: a review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Oceanogr Mar Biol 33:245-303
  25. Harrison PJ, Piontkovski S, Al-Hashmi K (2017) Understanding how physical-biological coupling influences harmful algal blooms, low oxygen and fish kills in the Sea of Oman and the Western Arabian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 114:25-34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.008
  26. Hirsch RM, Slack JR (1984) A nonparametric trend test for seasonal data with serial dependence. Water Resour Res 20:727-732 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i006p00727
  27. Howarth RW, Schneider R, Swaney D (1996) Metabolism and organic carbon fluxes in the tidal freshwater Hudson River. Estuaries 19:848-865 https://doi.org/10.2307/1352302
  28. Kauffman GJ (2011) Econimic value of the delaware estuary watershed. Delaware University, Newark, 67 p
  29. Lehrter JC (2008) Regulation of eutrophication susceptibility in oligohaline regions of a northern Gulf of Mexico estuary, Mobile bay, Alabama. Mar Pollut Bull 56:1446-1460 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.047
  30. Li HM, Tang HJ, Shi XY, Zhang CS, Wang XL (2014) Increased nutrient loads from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River have led to increased harmful algal blooms. Harmful Algae 39:92-101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.07.002
  31. Lim HS, Diaz RJ, Hong JS, Schaffner LC (2006) Hypoxia and benthic community recovery in Korean coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull 52:1517-1526 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.05.013
  32. Mann HB (1945) Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica 13:245-249 https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187
  33. Montani S, Magni P, Shimamoto M, Abe N, Okutani K (1998) The effect of a tidal cycle on the dynamics of nutrients in a tidal estuary in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. J Oceanogr 54:65-76 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02744382
  34. Officer CB, Biggs RB, Taft JL, Cronin LE, Tyler MA, Boynton WR (1984) Chesapeake bay anoxia: origin, development, and significance. Science 223:22-27 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.223.4631.22
  35. Park S, Sin Y (2021) Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling analysis of algal blooms in an estuary with episodic and anthropogenic freshwater inputs. Appl Sci 11(15):6921 https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156921
  36. Prahl F, Small L, Eversmeyer B (1997) Biogeochemical characterization of suspended particulate matter in the Columbia River estuary. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 160:173-184 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps160173
  37. Ryther JH (1969) Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science 166(3901):72-76 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3901.72
  38. Sherwood CR, Jay DA, Harvey RB, Hamilton P, Simenstad CA (1990) Historical changes in the Columbia River estuary. Prog Oceanogr 25:299-352 https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(90)90011-P
  39. Sin Y, Hyun B, Jeong B, Soh HY (2013) Impacts of eutrophic freshwater inputs on water quality and phytoplankton size structure in a temperate estuary altered by a sea dike. Mar Environ Res 85:54-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.01.001
  40. Sin Y, Jeong B (2015) Short-term variations of phytoplankton communities in response to anthropogenic stressors in a highly altered temperate estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf S 156:83-91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.09.022
  41. Sin Y, Jeong B (2020) Anthropogenic disturbance of tidal variation in the water properties and phytoplankton community of an estuarine system. Estuar Coast 43:547-559 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00557-7
  42. Sin Y, Lee E, Lee Y, Shin KH (2015) The riverestuarine continuum of nutrients and phytoplankton communities in an estuary physically divided by a sea dike. Estuar Coast Shelf S 163:279-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.12.028
  43. Sin Y, Lee H (2020) Changes in hydrology, water, quality, and algal blooms in a freshwater system impounded with engineered structures in a temperate monsoon river estuary. J Hydrol Reg Stud 32:100744 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2020.100744
  44. Weiss RF (1970) The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Res 17:721-735