Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the ophthalmology staff from the department of ophthalmology of the Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital for their guidance of our ophthalmology knowledge.
References
- K. Zhao and P. Yang, Ophthalmology, 8th ed. (People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing, China, 2010), pp. 319-323.
- H. Zhang and N. Liu, Atlas of Ocular Fundus Diseases (China Medical Publishing House, Beijing, China, 2007), pp. 3-8.
- G. Huang, X. Qi, T. Y. P. Chui, Z. Zhong, and S. A. Burns, "A clinical planning module for adaptive optics SLO imaging," Optom. Vis. Sci. 89, 593-601 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e318253e081
- X. Wang and Q. Xue, "Optical design of portable nonmydriatic fundus camera with large field of view," Acta Opt. Sin. 37, 0922001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3788/AOS201737.0922001
- N. Patton, T. M. Aslam, T. Macgillivray, I. J. Deary, B. Dhillon, R. H. Eikelboom, K. Yogesan, I. J. Constable, "Retinal image analysis: concepts, applications and potential," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 25, 99-127 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.07.001
- H. Lu and H Li, The Principle and Clinical Application for Ocural Optical Coherence Tomography (World Publishing Corporation, Xi 'an, China, 2013), pp. 56-60.
- R. Li, Fundus fluorescein Angiography and Optical Imaging (People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing, China, 2010), pp. 21-23.
- S. S. Hayreh, "In vivo choroidal circulation and its watershed zones," Eye 4, 273-289 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1990.39
- D. L. Nickla and J. Wallman, "The multifunctional choroid," Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 29, 144-168 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002
- H, Takehara, H. Sumi, Z. Wang, T. Kondo, M. Haruta, K. Sasagawa, and J. Ohta. "Multispectral near-infrared imaging technologies for nonmydriatic fundus camera," in Proc. IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference-BioCAS (Nara, Japan, Oct. 17-19, 2019), pp. 1-4.
- S. Li, L. Huang, Y. Bai, Y. Cheng, J. Tian, S. Wang, Y. Sun, K. Wang, F. Wang, and Q. Zhang, "In vivo study of retinal transmission function in different sections of the choroidal structure using multispectral imaging," Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 56, 3731-3742 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15783
- T. Alterini, F. Diaz-Douton, F. J. Burgos-Fernandez, L. Gonzalez, C. Mateo, and M. Vilaseca, "Fast visible and extended near-infrared multispectral fundus camera," J. Biomed. Opt. 24, 096007 (2019).
- D. Toslak, T. Son, M. K. Erol, H. Kim, T.-H. Kim, R. V. P. Chan, and X. Yao, "Portable ultra-widefield fundus camera for multispectral imaging of the retina and choroid," Biomed. Opt. Express 11, 6281-6292 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.406299
- Z. Huang, Z. Jiang, Y. Hu, D. Zou, Y. Lu, Q. Ren, G. Liu, and Y. Lu, "Retinal choroidal vessel imaging based on multi-wavelength fundus imaging with the guidance of optical coherence tomography," Biomed. Opt. Express 11, 5212-5224 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.397750
- E. R. de Carvalho, R. J. M. Hoveling, C. J. F. van Noorden, R. O. Schlingemann, and M. C. G. Aalders, "Functional imaging of the ocular fundus using an 8-band retinal multispectral imaging system," Instruments 4, 12 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments4020012
- J. Polans, B. Jaeken, R. P. Mcnabb, P. Artal, J. A. Izatt, "Wide-field optical model of the human eye with asymmetrically tilted and decentered lens that reproduces measured ocular aberrations," Optica 2, 124-134 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.2.000124
- H.-L. Liou and N. A. Brennan, "Anatomically accurate, finite model eye for optical modeling," Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 1684-1695 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.14.001684
- W. Chen, J. Chang, X. Zhao, and S. Liu, "Optical design and fabrication of a smartphone fundus camera," Appl. Opt. 60, 1420-1427 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.414325
- Ophthalmic instruments - Fundus cameras, ISO 10940:2009, Technical Committee ISO/TC 172, Ophthalmic optics and instruments (2009).
- Teledyne FLIR, "GS3-U3-23S6C-C FLIR Grasshopper®3 High Performance USB 3.0 Color Camera," (Teledyne FLIR), https://www.flir.com/products/grasshopper3-usb3/?model=GS3-U3-23S6C-C (Accessed date: Feb. 01, 2022).
- F. C. Delori and K. P. Pflibsen, "Spectral reflectance of the human ocular fundus," Appl. Opt. 28, 1061-1077 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.28.001061
- M. Hammer and D. Schweitzer, "Quantitative reflection spectroscopy at the human ocular fundus," Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 179-191 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/47/2/301
- J. Schwiegerling, Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics, (SPIE Press, USA. 2004).
- E. Dehoog and J. Schwiegerling, "Optimal parameters for retinal illumination and imaging in fundus cameras," Appl. Opt. 47, 6769-6777 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.47.006769
- E. Dehoog and J. Schwiegerling, "Fundus camera systems: a comparative analysis," Appl. Opt. 48, 221-228 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.48.000221
- J. Cui, Y. Tang, P. Han, M. Pan, and J. Zhang, "Development of diagnostic imaging spectrometer for tumor on-line operation," Opt. Precis. Eng. 21, 3043-3049 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3788/OPE.20132112.3043
- J.-N. Liu, J.-C. Cui, L. Yin, C. Sun, J.-J. Chen, R. Zhang, and J.-L. Liu, "Analysis and design of pre-imaging system of integral field imaging spectrometer based on lenslet array," Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 38, 3269 (2018).
- Z. Zhang, J. Chang, H. Ren, K. Fan, and D. Li, "Snapshot imaging spectrometer based on a microlens array," Chin. Opt. Lett. 17, 011101- (2019). https://doi.org/10.3788/col201917.011101
- D. W. Palmer, T. Coppin, K. Rana, D. G. Dansereau, M. Suheimat, M. Maynard, D. A. Atchison, J. Roberts, R. Crawford, and A Jaiprakash, "Glare-free retinal imaging using a portable light field fundus camera," Biomed. Opt. Express 9, 3178-3192 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.003178