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Strength and permeability of fiber-reinforced concrete incorporating waste materials

  • Xu, Yun (School of Architectural Engineering and Planning, Jiujiang University) ;
  • Xu, Yin (School of Architectural Engineering and Planning, Jiujiang University) ;
  • Almuaythir, Sultan (Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University) ;
  • Marzouki, Riadh (Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University)
  • Received : 2020.06.22
  • Accepted : 2022.02.04
  • Published : 2022.02.25
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Abstract

Ecological issues such as natural resource reduction and enormous waste disposals are increasingly leading in developing civilization toward sustainable construction. The two primary environmental issues are the depletion of natural resources and the disposal of trash in open landfills. Waste steel fiber (WSF) was investigated for usage as a cement-based concrete (CBC) constituent in this research. Recycling waste fibers both makes cement composites more long and cost-effective, also aids in pollution reduction. The objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of waste fiber on the fresh and mechanical features of concrete using recycled additives. A comparative research on the durability and mechanical qualities of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) constructed with natural aggregates was conducted for this aim. The obstacles to successful WSF recycling methods application in the building industry have been investigated, resulting that CBCs with these fibers make an economic and long lasting choice to deal with waste materials. The workability of fiber enhanced concrete was found to be comparable to that of normal concrete. Fibers have a considerable impact on the splitting tensile strength, flexural and compressive strength of recycled concrete. Fiber may enhance the water permeability. When the WSF content is 0.6 kg/m3, the water absorption is nearly half. Fibers would have no effect on its permeability.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through group research program under grant number RGP.2/71/42.

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  169. Shahabi, S., Sulong, N., Shariati, M. and Shah, S. (2016b), "Performance of shear connectors at elevated temperatures-A review", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(1), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.1.185.
  170. Shahabi, S., Sulong, N., Shariati, M., Mohammadhassani, M. and Shah, S. (2016a), "Numerical analysis of channel connectors under fire and a comparison of performance with different types of shear connectors subjected to fire", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(3), 651-669. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.3.651.
  171. Shahgoli, A. F., Zandi, Y., Heirati, A., Khorami, M., Mehrabi, P. and Petkovic, D. (2020), "Optimisation of propylene conversion response by neuro-fuzzy approach", Int. J. Hydromech., 3(3), 228-237. http://doi.org/10.1504/IJHM.2020.10030656.
  172. Shahjalal, M., Islam, K., Rahman, J., Ahmed, K.S., Karim, M.R. and Billah, A.M. (2021), "Flexural response of fiber reinforced concrete beams with waste tires rubber and recycled aggregate", J. Clean. Prod., 278, 123842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123842.
  173. Shao, Y., Zhao, Y., Gao, J. and Habibi, M. (2021), "Energy absorption of the strengthened viscoelastic multi-curved composite panel under friction force", Arch. Civil Mech. Eng., 21(4), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00279-3.
  174. Shariat, M., Shariati, M., Madadi, A. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Computational lagrangian multiplier method by using for optimization and sensitivity analysis of rectangular reinforced concrete beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 29(2), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.2.243.
  175. Shariati, A., Barati, M.R., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli, A. (2020b), "Investigation of microstructure and surface effects on vibrational characteristics of nanobeams based on nonlocal couple stress theory", Adv. Nano Res., 8(3), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2020.8.3.191.
  176. Shariati, A., Barati, M.R., Ebrahimi, F., Singhal, A. and Toghroli, A. (2020a), "Investigating vibrational behavior of graphene sheets under linearly varying in-plane bending load based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory", Adv. Nano Res., 8(4), 265-276. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2020.8.4.265.
  177. Shariati, A., Bayrami, S.S., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli, A. (2020c), "Wave propagation analysis of electro-rheological fluid-filled sandwich composite beam", Mech. Base. Des. Struct. Machine., 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2020.1745646.
  178. Shariati, A., Ebrahimi, F., Hosseini, S.H.S., Toghroli, A. and Bayrami, S.S. (2020d), "On the nonlinear dynamics of viscoelastic graphene sheets conveying nanoflow: Parametric excitation analysis", Mech. Base. Des. Struct. Machine., 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2020.1728544.
  179. Shariati, A., Ebrahimi, F., Karimiasl, M., Selvamani, R. and Toghroli, A (2020e), "On bending characteristics of smart magneto-electro-piezoelectric nanobeams system", Adv. Nano Res., 9(3), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2020.9.3.183.
  180. Shariati, A., Ebrahimi, F., Karimiasl, M., Vinyas, M. and Toghroli, A. (2020f), "On transient hygrothermal vibration of embedded viscoelastic flexoelectric/piezoelectric nanobeams under magnetic loading", Adv. Nano Res., 8(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2020.8.1.049.
  181. Shariati, A., Ghabussi, A., Habibi, M., Safarpour, H., Safarpour, M., Tounsi, A. and Safa, M. (2020g), "Extremely large oscillation and nonlinear frequency of a multi-scale hybrid disk resting on nonlinear elastic foundation", Thin Wall. Struct., 154, 106840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106840.
  182. Shariati, A., Habibi, M., Tounsi, A., Safarpour, H. and Safa, M. (2021a), "Application of exact continuum size-dependent theory for stability and frequency analysis of a curved cantilevered microtubule by considering viscoelastic properties", Eng. Comput., 37(4), 3629-3648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01024-9.
  183. Shariati, A., Hosseini, S.H.S., Bayrami, S.S., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli, A. (2021b), "Effect of residual surface stress on parametrically excited nonlinear dynamics and instability of viscoelastic piezoelectric nanoelectromechanical resonators", Eng. Comput., 37(3), 1835-1850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00916-9.
  184. Shariati, A., Hosseini, S.H.S., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli, A. (2021c), "Nonlinear dynamics and vibration of reinforced piezoelectric scale-dependent plates as a class of nonlinear Mathieu-Hill systems: Parametric excitation analysis", Eng. Comput., 37(3), 2285-2301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-00942-y.
  185. Shariati, A., Mohammad-Sedighi, H., Zur, K.K., Habibi, M. and Safa, M. (2020h), "On the vibrations and stability of moving viscoelastic axially functionally graded nanobeams", Mater., 13(7), 1707. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071707.
  186. Shariati, A., Qaderi, S., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli, A. (2020j), "On buckling characteristics of polymer composite plates reinforced with graphene platelets", Eng. Comput., 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-00992-2.
  187. Shariati, A., RamliSulong, N.H. and Shariati, M. (2012a), "Various types of shear connectors in composite structures: A review", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(22), 2876-2890. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPSx11.004.
  188. Shariati, A., Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Khanouki, M.A. and Mahoutian, M. (2014a), "Experimental assessment of angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 52, 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.036.
  189. Shariati, A., Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2012), "Investigation of channel shear connectors for composite concrete and steel T-beam", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(11), 0626DBF163901828-1831. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1604.
  190. Shariati, M. (2008), "Assessment building using none-destructive test techniques (ultra sonic pulse velocity and Schmidt rebound hammer", Ph.D. Dissertation of Philosophy, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
  191. Shariati, M. (2013), "Behaviour of C-shaped shear connectors in stell concrete composite beams", Ph.D. Dissertation of Philosophy, Universiti Malaya.
  192. Shariati, M., A. Shariati, N.H.R. Sulong, M. Suhatril and M.M.A. Khanouki (2014b), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of angle shear connectors embedded in high strength concrete", Eng. Failure Anal., 41, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.017.
  193. Shariati, M., Azar, S.M., Arjomand, M.A., Tehrani, H.S., Daei, M. and Safa, M. (2019a), "Comparison of dynamic behavior of shallow foundations based on pile and geosynthetic materials in fine-grained clayey soils", Geomech. Eng., 19(6), 473. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.6.473.
  194. Shariati, M., Azar, S.M., Arjomand, M.A., Tehrani, H.S., Daei, M. and Safa, M. (2020k), "Evaluating the impacts of using piles and geosynthetics in reducing the settlement of fine-grained soils under static load", Geomech. Eng., 20(2), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.2.087.
  195. Shariati, M., Davoodnabi, S.M., Toghroli, A., Kong, Z. and Shariati, A. (2021d), "Hybridization of metaheuristic algorithms with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to predict load-slip behavior of angle shear connectors at elevated temperatures", Compos. Struct., 278, 114524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114524.
  196. Shariati, M., Faegh, S.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahavarnia, S., Zandi, Y., Masoom, D.R. and Salih, M.N. (2019b), "Numerical study on the structural performance of corrugated low yield point steel plate shear walls with circular openings", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(4), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.4.569.
  197. Shariati, M., Ghorbani, M., Naghipour, M., Alinejad, N. and Toghroli, A. (2020l), "The effect of RBS connection on energy absorption in tall buildings with braced tube frame system", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(3), 393. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.393.
  198. Shariati, M., Grayeli, M., Shariati, A. and Naghipour, M. (2020m), "Performance of composite frame consisting of steel beams and concrete filled tubes under fire loading", Steel Compos. Struct., 36(5), 587-602. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.36.5.587.
  199. Shariati, M., Heyrati, A., Zandi, Y., Laka, H., Toghroli, A., Kianmehr, P. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019c), "Application of waste tire rubber aggregate in porous concrete", Smart Struct. Syst., 24(4), 553-566. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.4.553.
  200. Shariati, M., Lagzian, M., Maleki, S., Shariati, A. and Trung, N.T. (2020n), "Evaluation of seismic performance factors for tension-only braced frames", Steel Compos. Struct., 35(4), 599-609. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.4.599.
  201. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Ghahremani, B., Azarhomayun, F., Ahmadi, M., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020o), "A novel hybrid extreme learning machine-grey wolf optimizer (ELM-GWO) model to predict compressive strength of concrete with partial replacements for cement", Eng. Comput., 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01081-0.
  202. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Haido, J.H., Yousif, S.T., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020p), "Identification of the most influencing parameters on the properties of corroded concrete beams using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference System (ANFIS)", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(1), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.1.155.
  203. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Ahmadi, M., Wakil, K., Trung, N.T. and Toghroli, A. (2020q), "Prediction of concrete strength in presence of furnace slag and fly ash using Hybrid ANN-GA (Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm)", Smart Struct. Syst., 25(2), 183-195. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.2.183.
  204. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahadori, A., Zandi, Y., Salih, M.N. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019d), "Application of a hybrid artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO) model in behavior prediction of channel shear connectors embedded in normal and high-strength concrete", Appl. Sci., 9(24), 5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245534.
  205. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Shariati, A., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Salih, M.N. (2020r), "A novel approach to predict shear strength of tilted angle connectors using artificial intelligence techniques", Eng. Comput., 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00930-x.
  206. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Zandi, Y., Dehghani, D., Bahadori, A. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019e), "Application of extreme learning machine (ELM) and genetic programming (GP) to design steel-concrete composite floor systems at elevated temperatures", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(3), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.3.319.
  207. Shariati, M., Naghipour, M., Yousofizinsaz, G., Toghroli, A. and Tabarestani, N.P. (2020s), "Numerical study on the axial compressive behavior of built-up CFT columns considering different welding lines", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(3), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.377.
  208. Shariati, M., Rafie, S., Zandi, Y., Fooladvand, R., Gharehaghaj, B., Mehrabi, P. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019f), "Experimental investigation on the effect of cementitious materials on fresh and mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete", Adv. Concrete Constr., 8(3), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.8.3.225.
  209. Shariati, M., Ramli-Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad, M.M., Shafigh, P. and Sinaei, H. (2011a), "Assessing the strength of reinforced concrete structures through ultrasonic pulse velocity and schmidt rebound hammer tests", Sci. Res. Essay., 6(1), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.879.
  210. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad Khanouki, M. and Sinaei, H. (2012), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of channel shear connector embedded in the lightweight aggregate concrete in composite bridge girders", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Engineering Failure Analysis, Hague, July.
  211. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. (2010), "Experimental and analytical study on channel shear connectors in light weight aggregate concrete", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Steel Composite Structures, Sydney, July.
  212. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shariati, A. (2011c), "Experimental and numerical investigations of channel shear connectors in high strength concrete", Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress on Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics, Seoul, August.
  213. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad, M.M.K.H. and Mahoutian, M. (2011b), "Shear resistance of channel shear connectors in plain, reinforced and lightweight concrete", Sci. Res. Essay., 6(4), 977-983.
  214. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, A. and Khanouki, M.A. (2015), "Behavior of V-shaped angle shear connectors: Experimental and parametric study", Mater. Struct., 49(9), 3909-3926. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0762-8.
  215. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Sinaei, H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shafigh, P. (2011d), "Behavior of channel shear connectors in normal and light weight aggregate concrete (Experimental and analytical study)", Adv. Mater. Res., 168, 2303-2307. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.168-170.2303.
  216. Shariati, M., Shariati, A., Trung, N.T., Shoaei, P., Ameri, F., Bahrami, N. and Zamanabadi, S.N. (2020t), "Alkali-activated slag (AAS) paste: Correlation between durability and microstructural characteristics", Constr. Build. Mater., 267, 120886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120886.
  217. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R. and Khanouki, M.A (2012c), "Experimental assessment of channel shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Mater. Des., 34, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.008.
  218. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Shariati, A. and Kueh, A.B.H. (2016), "Comparative performance of channel and angle shear connectors in high strength concrete composites: An experimental study", Constr. Build. Mater., 120, 382-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.102.
  219. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Khanouki, M.A. and Sinaei, H. (2012d), "Behaviour of C-shaped angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading: An experimental study", Mater. Des., 41, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.04.039.
  220. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Khanouki, M.A. and Sinaei, H. (2013), "Comparison of behaviour between channel and angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Constr. Build. Mater., 38, 582-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.050.
  221. Shariati, M., Tahir, M.M., Wee, T.C., Shah, S.N.R., Jalali, A. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Experimental investigations on monotonic and cyclic behavior of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Failure Anal., 85, 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.014.
  222. Shariati, M., Tahmasbi, F., Mehrabi, P., Bahadori, A. and Toghroli, A. (2020u), "Monotonic behavior of C and L shaped angle shear connectors within steel-concrete composite beams: An experimental investigation", Steel Compos. Struct., 35(2), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.2.237.
  223. Shariati, M., Toghroli, A., Jalali, A. and Ibrahim, Z. (2017), "Assessment of stiffened angle shear connector under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering-CSM.
  224. Shariati, M., Trung, N.T., Wakil, K., Mehrabi, P., Safa, M. and Khorami, M. (2019g), "Moment-rotation estimation of steel rack connection using extreme learning machine", Steel Compos. Struct., 31(5), 427-435. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.31.5.427.
  225. Sinaei, H., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2011), "Numerical investigation on exterior reinforced concrete Beam-Column joint strengthened by composite fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 6(28), 6572-6579. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1225.
  226. Sinaei, H., Shariati, M., Abna, A.H., Aghaei, M. and Shariati, A. (2012), "Evaluation of reinforced concrete beam behaviour using finite element analysis by ABAQUS", Sci. Res. Essay., 7(21), 2002-2009. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1393.
  227. Someh, A.K., Saeki, N. and Notoya, T. (1996), "Corrosion protection of reinforced concrete members by using recycled steel", Proceedings of the International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management.
  228. Suhatril, M., Osman, N., Azura Sari, P., Shariati, M. and Marto, A. (2019), "Significance of surface eco-protection techniques for cohesive soils slope in selangor, malaysia", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 37(3), 2007-2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0740-3.
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  230. Tahmasbi, F., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Tahir, M.M. (2016), "Shear capacity of c-shaped and l-shaped angle shear connectors", Plos One, 11(8), e0156989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156989.
  231. Talaiekhozani, A., Keyvanfar, A., Andalib, R., Samadi, M., Shafaghat, A., Kamyab, H. and Hussin, M.W. (2014), "Application of proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris mixture to design self-healing concrete", Desalination Water Treat., 52(19-21), 3623-3630. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.854092.
  232. Tavakkoli, O., Kamyab, H., Shariati, M., Mohamed, A.M. and Junin, R. (2022), "Effect of nanoparticles on the performance of polymer/surfactant flooding for enhanced oil recovery: A review", Fuel, 312, 122867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122867.
  233. Thomas, L.M. and Moosvi, S.A. (2020), "Hardened properties of binary cement concrete with recycled PET bottle fiber: An experimental study", Mater. Today Proc., 32, 632-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.025.
  234. Toghroli, A., Darvishmoghaddam, E., Zandi, Y., Parvan, M., Safa, M., Heydari, A. and Khorami, M. (2018a), "Evaluation of the parameters affecting the Schmidt rebound hammer reading using ANFIS method", Comput. Concrete, 21(5), 525-530. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2018.21.5.525.
  235. Toghroli, A., Mehrabi, P., Shariati, M., Trung, N.T., Jahandari, S. and Rasekh, H. (2020a), "Evaluating the use of recycled concrete aggregate and pozzolanic additives in fiber-reinforced pervious concrete with industrial and recycled fibers", Constr. Build. Mater., 252, 118997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118997.
  236. Toghroli, A., Mohammadhassani, M., Suhatril, M., Shariati, M. and Ibrahim, Z. (2014), "Prediction of shear capacity of channel shear connectors using the ANFIS model", Steel Compos. Struct., 17(5), 623-639. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.5.623.
  237. Toghroli, A., Nasirianfar, M.S., Shariati, A., Khorami, M., Paknahad, M., Ahmadi, M. and Zandi, Y. (2020b), "Analysis of extended end plate connection equipped with SMA bolts using component method", Steel Compos. Struct., 36(2), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.36.2.213.
  238. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Karim, M.R. and Ibrahim, Z. (2017), "Investigation on composite polymer and silica fume-rubber aggregate pervious concrete", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering-CSM, Zurich.
  239. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Sajedi, F., Ibrahim, Z., Koting, S., Mohamad, E.T. and Khorami, M. (2018b), "A review on pavement porous concrete using recycled waste materials", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.433.
  240. Toghroli, A., Suhatril, M., Ibrahim, Z., Safa, M., Shariati, M. and Shamshirband, S. (2016), "Potential of soft computing approach for evaluating the factors affecting the capacity of steel-concrete composite beam", J. Int. Manuf., 29(8), 1793-1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-016-1217-y.
  241. Trung, N.T., Alemi, N., Haido, J.H., Shariati, M., Baradaran, S. and Yousif, S.T. (2019a), "Reduction of cement consumption by producing smart green concretes with natural zeolites", Smart Struct. Syst., 24(3), 415-425. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.3.415.
  242. Wang, H., Zandi, Y., Gholizadeh, M. and Issakhov, A. (2021), "Buckling of porosity-dependent bi-directional FG nanotube using numerical method", Adv. Nano Res., 10(5), 493-507. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2021.10.5.493.
  243. Wang, M., Yang, X. and Wang, W. (2022), "Establishing a 3D aggregates database from X-ray CT scans of bulk concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 315, 125740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125740.
  244. Wang, Z., Yu, S., Xiao, Z. and Habibi, M. (2020), "Frequency and buckling responses of a high-speed rotating fiber metal laminated cantilevered microdisk", Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2020.1824284.
  245. Wei, X., Shariati, M., Zandi, Y., Pei, S., Jin, Z., Gharachurlu, S. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Distribution of shear force in perforated shear connectors", Steel Compos. Struct., 27(3), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.3.389.
  246. Wei, Z., Zandi, Y., Gholizadeh, M., Selmi, A., Roco-Videla, A. and Konbr, U (2021), "On the optimization of building energy, material, and economic management using soft computing", Adv. Concrete Constr., 11(6), 455-468. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2021.11.6.455.
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  248. Xie, Q. (2019), "An experimental study on the effect of CFRP on behavior of reinforce concrete beam column connections", Steel Compos. Struct., 30(5), 433-441. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.5.433.
  249. Xu, C (2019), "Using genetic algorithms method for the paramount design of reinforced concrete structures", Struct. Eng. Mech., 71(5), 503-513. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.71.5.503.
  250. Xu, J., Wu, Z., Chen, H., Shao, L., Zhou, X. and Wang, S. (2021a), "Study on strength behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced loess by digital image technology (DIT) and scanning electron microscope (SEM)", Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 46(11), 11319-11338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05787-1.
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