Korean Medical Education Review (의학교육논단)

Yonsei university college of medicine (연세대학교 의과대학)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

History in Lives: A Way of Cultivating Medical Professionalism through Medical History Education

인물사: 의학사 교육을 통한 의학전문직업성 함양의 한 가지 방법

  • Park, Seungmann (Department of Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) ;
  • Kim, Pyeong Man (Department of Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
  • 박승만 (가톨릭대학교 의과대학 인문사회의학과) ;
  • 김평만 (가톨릭대학교 의과대학 인문사회의학과)
  • Received : 2021.12.15
  • Accepted : 2022.01.27
  • Published : 2022.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

How can the history of medicine be used to cultivate medical professionalism? This study presents education using the lives of historical figures as a method based on the teaching experience of the course "Leadership of the Healers" for first-year students at the College of Medicine of the Catholic University of Korea. Existing methods, represented by the Osler method, have several limitations: first, they limit the subject of the history of medicine to certain established doctors; second, they describe medical history as a continuum of progress; and third, they present abstract virtues without context, making it difficult to apply what has been learned to specific situations. These limitations are why the lives of historical figures have not been used actively in medical education in recent years. However, education using the lives of historical figures also has clear advantages, such as the power to vividly convey the various elements of medical professionalism. This study proposes an alternative method. The characteristics of the new method can be summarized in two ways. First, it emphasizes the specific context surrounding historical figures and the choices made in specific historical circumstances, rather than presenting abstract virtues outside of the historical context, making students ponder the reality they face and the choices they make. Second, it reveals both the hidden actors and the bright and dark areas of history by selecting diverse multi-dimensional figures.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 반석기금의 지원을 받아 수행하였다.

References

  1. Doukas DJ, McCullough LB, Wear S. Reforming medical education in ethics and humanities by finding common ground with Abraham Flexner. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):318-23. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c85932
  2. Doukas DJ, McCullough LB, Wear S; Project to Rebalance and Integrate Medical Education (PRIME) Investigators. Perspective: Medical education in medical ethics and humanities as the foundation for developing medical professionalism. Acad Med. 2012;87(3):334-41. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e318244728c
  3. Doukas DJ, McCullough LB, Wear S, Lehmann LS, Nixon LL, Carrese JA, et al. The challenge of promoting professionalism through medical ethics and humanities education. Acad Med. 2013;88(11):1624-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182a7f8e3
  4. Howley L, Gaufberg E, King B. The fundamental role of the arts and humanities in medical education. Washington (DC): Association of American Medical Colleges; 2020.
  5. Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation. ASK2019 (Accreditation Standards of KIMEE 2019). Seoul: Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation; 2021.
  6. Yeo IS. "The best doctor is also a philosopher": medicine and philosophy in Galen. Phil Med. 2018;25:3-26.
  7. Zelenka MH. The educational philosophy of Abraham Flexner: creating cogency in medical education. Lewiston (NY): Edwin Mellen Press; 2008.
  8. Bonner TN. Iconoclast: Abraham Flexner and a life in learning. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University Press; 2002.
  9. Saks M. Medicine and the counter culture. In: Cooter R, Pickstone JV, editors. Companion to medicine in the twentieth century. London: Routledge; 2003. p. 113-23.
  10. Pellegrino ED. Educating the humanist physician: an ancient ideal reconsidered. JAMA. 1974;227(11):1288-94. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1974.03230240046024
  11. Fox DM. Who we are: the political origins of the medical humanities. Theor Med. 1985;6(3):327-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00489733
  12. Rabinowitz DG. On the arts and humanities in medical education. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2021;16(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13010-021-00102-0
  13. Reverby SM, Rosner D. "Beyond the great doctors" revisited: a generation of the "new" social history of medicine. In: Huisman F, Warner JH, editors. Locating medical history: the stories and their meanings. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University Press; 2004. p. 167-93.
  14. Risse GB. The role of medical history in the education of the "humanist" physician: a reevaluation. J Med Educ. 1975;50(5):458-65.
  15. Duffin J. Infiltrating the curriculum: an integrative approach to history for medical students. J Med Humanit. 1995;16(3):155-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02274152
  16. Bryan CS, Longo LD. Perspective: Teaching and mentoring the history of medicine: an Oslerian perspective. Acad Med. 2013;88(1):97-101. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31827653f5
  17. Duffin J. History of medicine: a scandalously short introduction. Shin JS, translator. Seoul: Science Books; 2006.
  18. Bynum WF. The history of medicine: a very short introduction. Park SM, translator. Paju: Gyoyu Seoga; 2017.
  19. Yeo IS, Lee HS, Kim SS, Shin KH, Park YH, Park YJ. History of medicine in Korea. Seoul: Research Institute for Healthcare Policy; 2012.
  20. Yeo IS, Lee HS, Kim SS, Shin KH, Kim YS. History of medicine in Korea. 2nd ed. Seoul: Yeoksagonggan; 2018.
  21. Yeo IS. Education of medical history in Korea: past, present, and future. Yonsei J Med Hist. 2010;13(2):7-19.
  22. Kim TJ. Education of medical history at the College of Medicine, Inje University. Yonsei J Med Hist. 2010;13(2):21-32.
  23. Lee JY. The state of dental history education in colleges or graduate schools of dentistry and future challenges facing the field. Yonsei J Med Hist. 2010;13(2):33-49.
  24. Kim NI. The present and future of medical history education at oriental medical colleges in Korea. Yonsei J Med Hist. 2010;13(2):51-60.
  25. Kang YS. Education of medical history at the College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University. Yonsei J Med Hist. 2010;13(2):61-71.
  26. Jeon W. Suggestions for the improvement of medical humanities education. Korean Med Educ Rev. 2010;12(1):23-31. https://doi.org/10.17496/KMER.2010.12.1.023
  27. Caine B. Historians and the question of biography. In: Caine B, editor. Biography and history: theory and history. New York (NY): Palgrave Macmillan; 2010. p. 7-26.
  28. Osler W. On the educational value of the medical society. In: Osler W, editor. Aequanimitas, with other addresses to medical students, nurses and practitioners of medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): P. Blakiston's Son; 1932. p. 327-45.
  29. Fee E, Brown TM. Using medical history to shape a profession: the ideals of William Osler and Henry E. Sigerist. In: Huisman F, Warner JH, editors. Locating medical history: the stories and their meanings. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University Press; 2004. p. 139-64.
  30. Lerner BH. From Laennec to lobotomy: teaching medical history at academic medical centers. Am J Med Sci. 2000;319(5):279-84. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-200005000-00003
  31. Porter R. The patient's view: doing medical history from below. Theory Soc. 1985;14:175-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00157532
  32. Maudsley G, Strivens J. Promoting professional knowledge, experiential learning and critical thinking for medical students. Med Educ. 2000;34(7):535-44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00632.x
  33. Cruess RL, Cruess SR. Teaching professionalism: general principles. Med Teach. 2006;28(3):205-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590600643653
  34. King MC. "The race" to clone BRCA1. Science. 2014;343(6178):1462-5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251900
  35. King MC. An application of DNA sequencing to a human rights problem. In: Friedmann T, editor. Molecular genetic medicine. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1991. p. 117-31.
  36. Yount L. Marie-Claire King. In: Yount L, editor. A to Z of women in science and math. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Facts on File; 2008. p. 153-6.
  37. Stein R. Researcher urges wider genetic screening for breast cancer. NPR. 2014 Sep 8.
  38. Scutti S. New recommendations say not all women need genetic testing for cancer: critics say it could cost lives. CNN. 2019 Feb 19.
  39. Conrad P. The medicalization of society. Jung JH, translator. Seoul: Humanitas; 2018.
  40. Clarke AE, Shim JK, Mamo L, Fosket JR, Fishman JR. Biomedicalization: technoscientific transformation of health, illness, and U.S. biomedicine. Kim MJ, Ko WT, translators. Citiz Sci [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Dec 20];104:58-122. Available from: http://cdst.jinbo.net/bbs/data/pub/%BD%C3%B9%CE%B0%FA%C7%D0_104%C8%A3.pdf.
  41. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Boudreau JD, Snell L, Steinert Y. A schematic representation of the professional identity formation and socialization of medical students and residents: a guide for medical educators. Acad Med. 2015;90(6):718-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000700
  42. Choi SH, Lee YH, Kim HJ, Kang SJ. Contents and methods of history education. Seoul: Chaekgwahamkke; 2007.