Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea (대한건축학회논문집)

Architectural Institute of Korea (대한건축학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An EEG Analysis of the Effects of Color and Ceiling Height on the Perceived Restorativeness of Users - Focused on Indoor Common Spaces of Educational Facilities -

실내공간의 색채와 천장높이가 사용자의 회복감에 미치는 영향에 관한 뇌파(EEG) 분석 - 교육시설 실내 공용공간을 중심으로 -

  • Kim, Sieun (Dept. Interior Architecture and Built Environment Yonsei University) ;
  • Ha, Mikyoung (Dept. Interior Architecture and Built Environment Yonsei University)
  • Received : 2021.12.02
  • Accepted : 2022.02.15
  • Published : 2022.02.28
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Intentionally involving color and factoring ceiling heights in the design aspect of public spaces such as educational facilities, carries with it a potential to contribute to the emotional recovery of ordinary individuals. This study analyzes the restorative effect of color and ceiling height in 50 participants through EEG measurements. They were divided into two groups where a quasi-experiment was performed to measure relative alpha and beta waves and perceived restorativeness (PR) while viewing four 3D images of indoor lounge spaces on college campuses. Group A was assigned soft tones with low saturation and high brightness, most associated with having a positive effect on recovery. Group B was assigned vivid tones with high saturation and medium brightness, most associated with having a negative effect on recovery. The results indicated that group A experienced a restorative effect in both EEG and PR unlike group B. Higher relative alpha and lower relative beta were observed in cool colors over warm ones, and noticeable in spaces with high ceilings rather than with low ones, indicating a relaxed state with higher restorativeness. Based on this study, it was confirmed that ceiling height takes precedence over color; spaces with high ceilings and cool colors are helpful for recovery and relaxation purposes. In addition, higher relative beta was observed in warm colors with medium brightness and high saturation with a high ceiling, indicative of arousal. However, this response was restricted to EEG results, making it necessary to consider the physiological response of users during spatial evaluation.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 연구는 정부(과학기술정보통신부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임. (No. NRF-2020R1F1A107419912)

References

  1. Abhang, P. A., Gawali, B. W., & Mehrotra, S. C. (2016). Introduction to EEG- and Speech-Based Emotion Recognition, Chapter 2 - Technological Basics of EEG Recording and Operation of Apparatus (pp. 19-50): Academic Press.
  2. Banaei, M., Hatami, J., Yazdanfar, A., & Gramann, K. (2017). Walking through architectural spaces: The impact of interior forms on human brain dynamics. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11.
  3. Berto, R. (2014). The role of nature in coping with psycho-physiological stress: a literature review on restorativeness. Behavioral sciences, 4(4), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs4040394
  4. Cha, S. H., Koo, C., Kim, T. W., & Hong, T. (2019). Spatial perception of ceiling height and type variation in immersive virtual environments. Building and Environment, 163.
  5. Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of neuroscience methods, 134(1), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009
  6. Ergan, S., Radwan, A., Zou, Z., Tseng, H.-a., & Han, X. (2018). Quantifying human experience in architectural spaces with integrated virtual reality and body sensor networks. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 33(2).
  7. Evans, G. W. (2003). The built environment and mental health. Journal of urban health, 80(4).
  8. Fich, L. B., Jonsson, P., Kirkegaard, P. H., Wallergard, M., Garde, A. H., & Hansen, A. (2014). Can architectural design alter the physiological reaction to psychosocial stress? a virtual TSST experiment. Physiol Behav, 135, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.034
  9. Fischl, G., & Garling, A. (2008). Identification, visualization, and evaluation of a restoration-supportive built environment. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 254-269.
  10. Gulwadi, G. B. (2006). Seeking restorative experiences: elementary school teachers' choices for places that enable coping with stress. Environment and behavior, 38(4), 503-520. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505283420
  11. Ha, J. M., & Park, S. B. (2017). Assessment of color affect on the indoor color schemes and illuminance Change: focused on prefrontal EEG alpha and beta signal analysis. Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, 33(10), 57-65.
  12. Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S., & Garling, T. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3
  13. Hwang, Y. S, Kim, S. Y., & Kim, J. Y. (2013). An analysis of youth EEG based on the emotional color scheme images by different space of community facilities. Korea Institute of Interior Design Journal, 22(5), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2013.22.5.171
  14. Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective: CUP Archive.
  15. Kim, J. K. (2019). Analysis of User EEG according to the Changes of Architectural Elements of Single Person Household. Thesis, Hanyang University.
  16. Kim, S. (2021). Restorative Design for a School Environment: Assessing Restorative Effects of Interior Color and Ceiling Height via Psychophysiological Measures Using EEG. Ph. D. Dissertation, Yonsei University.
  17. Kim, S. H., & Choo, S. Y. (2021). Analysis on characteristics of EEG arousal reaction to changes in ceiling height: focusing on individual rooms of postpartum care centers. Korea Institute of Interior Design Journal, 30(2), 3-14.
  18. Kuller, R., Mikellides, B., & Janssens, J. (2009). Color, arousal, and performance-a comparison of three experiments. Color Research & Application, 34(2), 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20476
  19. Lee, S. H., & Hyun, M. H. (2003) The factor structure of the Korean version of the perceived restorativeness scale(PRS). Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 8(2), 229-241.
  20. Lopez-Tarruella, J., Llinares Millan, C., Serra Lluch, J., Inarra Abad, S., & Wijk, H. (2019). Influence of color in a lactation room on users' affective impressions and preferences. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 12(2), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718796593
  21. Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology: the MIT Press.
  22. Oh, J. Y. (2019). A study on the Environmental Colors as a Healing Environment Element by Stress Measurement. Ph. D. Dissertation, Inje University.
  23. Rashid, M., & Zimring, C. (2008). A review of the empirical literature on the relationships between indoor environment and stress in health care and office settings: problems and prospects of sharing evidence. Environment and behavior, 40(2), 151-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507311550
  24. Schweitzer, M., Gilpin, L., & Frampton, S. (2004). Healing spaces: elements of environmental design that make an impact on health. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 10(Supplement 1).
  25. Shemesh, A., Talmon, R., Karp, O., Amir, I., Bar, M., & Grobman, Y. J. (2017). Affective response to architecture investigating human reaction to spaces with different geometry. Architectural Science Review, 60(2), 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2016.1266597
  26. Song, B. S. (2021). An EEG experimental study for setting personal healing space planning standards. Korea Institute of Interior Design Journal, 30(2), 94-101. https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2021.30.2.094
  27. Sternberg, E. M. (2009). Healing spaces: the science of place and well-being: Harvard University Press.
  28. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651
  29. Ulrich, R. S. (1991). Effects of interior design on wellness: theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Health Care Interior Design, 3(1), 97-109.
  30. Ural, S., & Ural, P. (2018). Colour and spatial comfort in architectural context.
  31. Vartanian, O., Navarrete, G., Chatterjee, A., Fich, L. B., Gonzalez-Mora, J. L., Leder, H., ... Skov, M. (2015). Architectural design and the brain: effects of ceiling height and perceived enclosure on beauty judgments and approach- avoidance decisions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.006
  32. Vecchiato, G., Jelic, A., Tieri, G., Maglione, A. G., De Matteis, F., & Babiloni, F. (2015). Neurophysiological correlates of embodiment and motivational factors during the perception of virtual architectural environments. Cognitive processing, 16(1), 425-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-015-0725-6
  33. Yildirim, K., Hidayetoglu, M. L., & Capanoglu, A. (2011). Effects of interior colors on mood and preference: comparisons of two living rooms. Perceptual and motor skills, 112(2), 509-524. https://doi.org/10.2466/24.27.PMS.112.2.509-524
  34. Youm, S. H., Lee, J. Y., & Choi, Y. R. (2021). A study on stimulation of ceiling height and duration of stay using VR & EEG. Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, 37(2), 35-42 https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2021.37.2.35
  35. Yuvaraj, R., Murugappan, M., Ibrahim, N. M., Omar, M. I., Sundaraj, K., Mohamad, K., Palaniappan, R., Mesquita, E., & Satiyan, M. (2014). On the analysis of EEG power, frequency and asymmetry in parkinson's disease during emotion processing. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 10(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-10-1
  36. Zhang, Y., Tzortzopoulos, P., & Kagioglou, M. (2019). Healing built-environment effects on health outcomes: environment occupant health framework. Building Research & Information, 47(6), 747-766. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1411130