Computers and Concrete

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Sustainable controlled low-strength material: Plastic properties and strength optimization

  • Mohd Azrizal, Fauzi (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA) ;
  • Mohd Fadzil, Arshad (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA) ;
  • Noorsuhada Md, Nor (Centre for Civil Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus) ;
  • Ezliana, Ghazali (School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia)
  • Received : 2021.10.10
  • Accepted : 2022.10.18
  • Published : 2022.12.25
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Abstract

Due to the enormous cement content, pozzolanic materials, and the use of different aggregates, sustainable controlled low-strength material (CLSM) has a higher material cost than conventional concrete and sustainable construction issues. However, by selecting appropriate materials and formulations, as well as cement and aggregate content, whitethorn costs can be reduced while having a positive environmental impact. This research explores the desire to optimize plastic properties and 28-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of CLSM containing powder content from unprocessed-fly ash (u-FA) and recycled fine aggregate (RFA). The mixtures' input parameters consist of water-to-cementitious material ratio (W/CM), fly ash-to-cementitious materials (FA/CM), and paste volume percentage (PV%), while flowability, bleeding, segregation index, and 28-day UCS were the desired responses. The central composite design (CCD) notion was used to produce twenty CLSM mixes and was experimentally validated using MATLAB by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Variance analysis (ANOVA) was used for the determination of statistical models. Results revealed that the plastic properties of CLSM improve with the FA/CM rise when the strength declines for 28 days-with an increase in FA/CM, the diameter of the flowability and bleeding decreased. Meanwhile, the u-FA's rise strengthens the CLSM's segregation resistance and raises its strength over 28 days. Using calcareous powder as a substitute for cement has a detrimental effect on bleeding, and 28-day UCS increases segregation resistance. The response surface method (RSM) can establish high correlations between responses and the constituent materials of sustainable CLSM, and the optimal values of variables can be measured to achieve the desired response properties.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, for their support. Kapar Energy Power Plant, Malaysia, and KTK Concrete Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia, are acknowledged for providing the fly ash and crushed concrete waste, respectively, for the accomplishment of this study. The authors also would like to thank Muhammad Nasiruddin Ishak, Faiz Izzuddin Idris, Muaz Badri Mohd Najib, the anonymous reviewers, and the journal editor for their valuable comments and feedback.

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