Acknowledgement
The authors would like to appreciate Ms. Hyun Sook Kim and Mr. Seung Uk Lee for their technical help in this study.
References
- Kirino T, Sano K. Selective vulnerability in the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 1984;62:201-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00691853
- Lee TK, Kim H, Song M, Lee JC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Yang GE, Kim H, Ohk TG, Shin MC, Cho JH, Won MH. Time-course pattern of neuronal loss and gliosis in gerbil hippocampi following mild, severe, or lethal transient global cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res. 2019;14:1394-1403. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.253524
- Kirino T. Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia. Brain Res. 1982;239:57-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90833-2
- Lee TK, Kang IJ, Kim B, Sim HJ, Kim DW, Ahn JH, Lee JC, Ryoo S, Shin MC, Cho JH, Kim YM, Park JH, Choi SY, Won MH. Experimental pretreatment with chlorogenic acid prevents transient ischemia-induced cognitive decline and neuronal damage in the hippocampus through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Molecules. 2020;25:3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163578
- Park JH, Kim YH, Ahn JH, Choi SY, Hong S, Kim SK, Kang IJ, Kim YM, Lee TK, Won MH, Lee CH. Atomoxetine protects against NMDA receptor-mediated hippocampal neuronal death following transient global cerebral ischemia. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2017;14:158-168.
- Puyal J, Ginet V, Clarke PG. Multiple interacting cell death mechanisms in the mediation of excitotoxicity and ischemic brain damage: a challenge for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;105:24-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.03.002
- Farhadi Moghadam B, Fereidoni M. Neuroprotective effect of menaquinone-4 (MK-4) on transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0229769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229769
- Victoria ECG, Toscano ECB, Oliveira FMS, de Carvalho BA, Caliari MV, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS, Rachid MA. Up-regulation of brain cytokines and metalloproteinases 1 and 2 contributes to neurological deficit and brain damage in transient ischemic stroke. Microvasc Res. 2020;129:103973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103973
- Ju F, Ran Y, Zhu L, Cheng X, Gao H, Xi X, Yang Z, Zhang S. Increased BBB permeability enhances activation of microglia and exacerbates loss of dendritic spines after transient global cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;12:236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00236
- Kho AR, Choi BY, Lee SH, Hong DK, Lee SH, Jeong JH, Park KH, Song HK, Choi HC, Suh SW. Effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on global cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal death. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051420
- Kondo T, Yoshida S, Nagai H, Takeshita A, Mino M, Morioka H, Nakajima T, Kusakabe KT, Okada T. Transient forebrain ischemia induces impairment in cognitive performance prior to extensive neuronal cell death in Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). J Vet Sci. 2018;19:505-511. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2018.19.4.505
- Lee TK, Kang IJ, Sim H, Lee JC, Ahn JH, Kim DW, Park JH, Lee CH, Kim JD, Won MH, Choi SY. Therapeutic effects of decursin and Angelica gigas Nakai root extract in gerbil brain after transient ischemia via protecting BBB leakage and astrocyte endfeet damage. Molecules. 2021;26:2161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082161
- Inoue Y, Ohtsuka Y; STP-1 Study Group. Effectiveness of add-on stiripentol to clobazam and valproate in Japanese patients with Dravet syndrome: additional supportive evidence. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108:725-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.02.008
- Fisher JL. The effects of stiripentol on GABA(A) receptors. Epilepsia. 2011;52 Suppl 2:76-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03008.x
- Nickels KC, Wirrell EC. Stiripentol in the management of epilepsy. CNS Drugs. 2017;31:405-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-017-0432-1
- Auvin S, Lecointe C, Dupuis N, Desnous B, Lebon S, Gressens P, Dournaud P. Stiripentol exhibits higher anticonvulsant properties in the immature than in the mature rat brain. Epilepsia. 2013;54:2082- 2090. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12401
- Shen DD, Levy RH, Moor MJ, Savitch JL. Efficacy of stiripentol in the intravenous pentylenetetrazol infusion seizure model in the rat. Epilepsy Res. 1990;7:40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-1211(90)90052-W
- Trojnar MK, Wojtal K, Trojnar MP, Czuczwar SJ. Stiripentol. A novel antiepileptic drug. Pharmacol Rep. 2005;57:154-160.
- Fujiwara A, Nakao K, Ueno T, Matsumura S, Ito S, Minami T. Stiripentol alleviates neuropathic pain in L5 spinal nerve-transected mice. J Anesth. 2020;34:373-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-020-02762-2
- Jarrott DM, Domer FR. A gerbil model of cerebral ischemia suitable for drug evaluation. Stroke. 1980;11:203-209. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.11.2.203
- Bae EJ, Chen BH, Yan BC, Shin BN, Cho JH, Kim IH, Ahn JH, Lee JC, Tae HJ, Hong S, Kim DW, Cho JH, Lee YL, Won MH, Park JH. Delayed hippocampal neuronal death in young gerbil following transient global cerebral ischemia is related to higher and longerterm expression of p63 in the ischemic hippocampus. Neural Regen Res. 2015;10:944-950. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.158359
- Chen BH, Park JH, Lee YL, Kang IJ, Kim DW, Hwang IK, Lee CH, Yan BC, Kim YM, Lee TK, Lee JC, Won MH, Ahn JH. Melatonin improves vascular cognitive impairment induced by ischemic stroke by remyelination via activation of ERK1/2 signaling and restoration of glutamatergic synapses in the gerbil hippocampus. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108:687-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.077
- Radtke-Schuller S, Schuller G, Angenstein F, Grosser OS, Goldschmidt J, Budinger E. Brain atlas of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) in CT/MRI-aided stereotaxic coordinates. Brain Struct Funct. 2016;221 Suppl 1:1-272.
- Sharma SS, Dhar A, Kaundal RK. FeTPPS protects against global cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury in gerbils. Pharmacol Res. 2007;55:335-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.002
- Meurer RT, Martins DT, Hilbig A, Ribeiro Mde C, Roehe AV, Barbosa-Coutinho LM, Fernandes Mda C. Immunohistochemical expression of markers Ki-67, neun, synaptophysin, p53 and HER2 in medulloblastoma and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008;66(2B):385-390. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2008000300020
- Schmued LC, Hopkins KJ. Fluoro-Jade B: a high affinity fluorescent marker for the localization of neuronal degeneration. Brain Res. 2000;874:123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02513-0
- Block F, Schwarz M. Correlation between hippocampal neuronal damage and spatial learning deficit due to global ischemia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;56:755-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00484-4
- Pegorini S, Braida D, Verzoni C, Guerini-Rocco C, Consalez GG, Croci L, Sala M. Capsaicin exhibits neuroprotective effects in a model of transient global cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;144:727-735. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706115
- Verleye M, Buttigieg D, Steinschneider R. Neuroprotective activity of stiripentol with a possible involvement of voltage-dependent calcium and sodium channels. J Neurosci Res. 2016;94:179-189. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23688
- Chatterjee T, Das G, Chatterjee BK, Dhar J, Ghosh S, Chakrabarti P. The role of isoaspartate in fibrillation and its prevention by Protein- L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2020;1864:129500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129500
- Horner PJ, Palmer TD. New roles for astrocytes: the nightlife of an 'astrocyte'. La vida loca! Trends Neurosci. 2003;26:597-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.010
- Daneman R, Prat A. The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7:a020412. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a020412
- Harukuni I, Bhardwaj A. Mechanisms of brain injury after global cerebral ischemia. Neurol Clin. 2006;24:1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2005.10.004
- Anderson MF, Blomstrand F, Blomstrand C, Eriksson PS, Nilsson M. Astrocytes and stroke: networking for survival? Neurochem Res. 2003;28:293-305. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022385402197
- Bylicky MA, Mueller GP, Day RM. Mechanisms of endogenous neuroprotective effects of astrocytes in brain injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:6501031. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6501031
- Liu Z, Chopp M. Astrocytes, therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol. 2016;144:103-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.008
- Park JH, Kim DW, Lee TK, Park CW, Park YE, Ahn JH, Lee HA, Won MH, Lee CH. Improved HCN channels in pyramidal neurons and their new expression levels in pericytes and astrocytes in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 subfield following transient ischemia. Int J Mol Med. 2019;44:1801-1810.
- Lee TK, Ahn JH, Park CW, Kim B, Park YE, Lee JC, Park JH, Yang GE, Shin MC, Cho JH, Kang IJ, Won MH. Pre-treatment with laminarin protects hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and attenuates reactive gliosis following transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Mar Drugs. 2020;18:52. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18010052
- Lee TK, Lee JC, Kim JD, Kim DW, Ahn JH, Park JH, Kim HI, Cho JH, Choi SY, Won MH, Kang IJ. Populus tomentiglandulosa extract is rich in polyphenols and protects neurons, astrocytes, and the blood-brain barrier in gerbil striatum following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Molecules. 2021;26:5430. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185430
- Kim H, Park JH, Shin MC, Cho JH, Lee TK, Kim H, Song M, Park CW, Park YE, Lee JC, Ryoo S, Kim YM, Kim DW, Hwang IK, Choi SY, Won MH, Ahn JH. Fate of astrocytes in the gerbil hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:845. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040845
- Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV. Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:7-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-009-0619-8
- Abbott NJ. Astrocyte-endothelial interactions and blood-brain barrier permeability. J Anat. 2002;200:629-638. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00064.x
- Huang Y, Chen S, Luo Y, Han Z. Crosstalk between Inflammation and the BBB in Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18:1227-1236. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X18666200620230321
- Wang Z, Leng Y, Tsai LK, Leeds P, Chuang DM. Valproic acid attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia: the roles of HDAC and MMP-9 inhibition. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31:52-57. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.195
- Zhang H, Park JH, Maharjan S, Park JA, Choi KS, Park H, Jeong Y, Ahn JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Cho JH, Lee IK, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Kim YM, Suh YG, Won MH, Kwon YG. Sac-1004, a vascular leakage blocker, reduces cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing blood-brain barrier disruption and inflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14:122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0897-3
- Lin CY, Chang C, Cheung WM, Lin MH, Chen JJ, Hsu CY, Chen JH, Lin TN. Dynamic changes in vascular permeability, cerebral blood volume, vascular density, and size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: evaluation with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2008;28:1491-1501. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2008.42
- Ma F, Sun P, Zhang X, Hamblin MH, Yin KJ. Endothelium-targeted deletion of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster ameliorates blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke. Sci Signal. 2020;13:eaay5686. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aay5686