Geomechanics and Engineering

  • 제31권6호
  • /
  • Pages.599-614
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 2005-307X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-6219(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimental evaluation of back-to-back anchored walls by double-plates anchors

  • Amir, Najafizadeh (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Earth Resources Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch) ;
  • AmirAli, Zad (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Earth Resources Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch)
  • 투고 : 2022.06.24
  • 심사 : 2022.12.14
  • 발행 : 2022.12.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

One of the methods of stabilizing retaining walls, embankments, and deep excavations is the implementation of plate anchors (like the Geolock wall anchor systems). Back-to-back Mechanically Stabilized Earth (BBMSE) walls are common stabilized earth structures that can be used for bridge ramps. But so far, the analysis of the interactive behavior of two back-to-back anchored walls (BBAW) by double-plates anchors (constructed closely from each other and subjected to the limited-breadth vertical loading) including interference of their failure and sliding surfaces has not been the subject of comprehensive studies. Indeed, in this compound system, the interaction of sliding wedges of these two back-to-back walls considering the shear failure wedge of the foundation, significantly impresses on the foundation bearing capacity, adjacent walls displacements and deformations, and their stability. In this study, the effect of horizontal distance between two walls (W), breadth of loading plate (B), and position of vertical loading was investigated experimentally. In addition, the comparison of using single and equivalent double-plate anchors was evaluated. The loading plate bearing capacity and displacements, and deformations of BBAW were measured and the results are presented. To evaluate the shape, form, and how the critical failure surfaces of the soil behind the walls and beneath the foundation intersect with one another, the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was applied. The experimental tests results showed that in this composite system (two adjacent-loaded BBAW) the effective distance of walls is about W = 2.5*H (H: height of walls) and the foundation effective breadth is about B = H, concerning foundation bearing capacity, walls horizontal displacements and their deformations. For more amounts of W and B, the foundation and walls can be designed and analyzed individually. Besides, in this compound system, the foundation bearing capacity is an exponential function of the System Geometry Variable (SGV) whereas walls displacements are a quadratic function of it. Finally, as an important achievement, doubling the plates of anchors can facilitate using concrete walls, which have limitations in tolerating curvature.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Adrian RJ. (2005), "Twenty years of particle image velocimetry", Exp. Fluids, 39(2): 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0991-7
  2. ASTM D1194-94 (Withdrawn 2003), Standard Test Method for Bearing Capacity of Soil for Static Load and Spread Footings, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 1994. Available: https://www.astm.org/d1194-94.html.
  3. ASTM D3080-04 (2004), Standard test method for the direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International. Available: https://www.astm.org/d3080-04.html.
  4. Benmebarek, S. and Djabri, M. (2017), "FE analysis of back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth walls under cyclic harmonic loading", Indian Geotech. J., 48, 498-509, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-017-0269-z.
  5. Das, B.M. and Shukla, S.K. (2014), "Earth anchors", 2nd Ed., J. Ross Publishing, Inc, Florida, USA.
  6. El-Sherbiny, R., Ibrahim, E. and Salem, A. (2013), "Stability of back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth walls", Proceedings of the Geo-Congress 2013 (Stability, and Performance of Slopes and Embankments III). https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412787.058.
  7. Han, J. and Leshchinsky, D. (2010), "Analysis of back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth walls", Geotext. Geomembranes, 28, 262-267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.09.012.
  8. Jalali Moghaddam, M., Dastaran, N. and Zad, A. (2021), "Introducing expandable mechanical plate anchors for onshore and offshore anchoring", J. Marine Georesour. Geotech. ,40(3), 329-348, https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2021.1894274.
  9. Jalali Moghaddam, M., Zad, A., Mehrannia, N. and Dastaran, N. (2019), "Experimental study on the performance of plate anchor retaining walls", Int. J. Phys. Model. Geotech., 19 (3), 128-140. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.17.00040.
  10. Lazarte, C.A., Robinson, H., Gomez, J.E., Baxter, A., Cadden, A. and Berg, R. (2015), Soil nail walls reference manual, Report No. FHWA-NHI-14-007. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, USA.
  11. Moghadam, M.J., Zad, A., Mehrannia, N. and Dastaran, N. (2018), "Experimental evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth walls with recycled crumb rubbers", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 10(5), 947-957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.04.012.
  12. Najafizadeh, A., Zad, A.A. and Yazdi, M. (2022), "Experimental evaluation of back-to-back anchored walls by single plate anchors", Int. J. Geomech., 22(12). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0002470.
  13. Niroumand, H. and Kassim, K.H. (2016), Design and Construction of Soil Plate anchors (1st Ed.), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherland.
  14. Perko, H.A. (2009), Helical piles: a practical guide to design and installation. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jerse, USA.
  15. Ryan, R. Berg, Barry R. Christopher, and Naresh C. Samtani, (2009), Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes - Volume I, Report No. FHWA- NHI-10-024, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
  16. Sabatini, P., Pass, D. and Bachus, R.C. (1999), Ground Anchors and Anchored Systems, Geotechnical engineering circular No. 4:. Report No. FHWA-IF-99-9015. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, USA..
  17. Taghizadeh, S., Nazari Afshar, J., and Zad, A. (2016), "FE analysis of external and internal stability of back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth walls", Thesis for M.Sc. Islamic Azad University (in Persian), Tehran, Iran.
  18. Terzaghi, K. (1943), Theoretical soil mechanics, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 5th ed., New York, N.Y.
  19. Tognon, A.R., Rowe, R.K. and Brachman, R.W. (1999), "Evaluation of side wall friction for a buried pipe testing facility", Geotext. Geomembranes, 17(4), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-1144(99)00004-7.
  20. White, D., Randolph, M., and Thompson, B. (2005), "An image-based deformation measurement system for the geotechnical centrifuge", Int. J. Phys. Model. Geotech., 5(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.2005.050301.
  21. White, D., Take, W. and Bolton, M. (2003), "Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry", Geotechnique, 53(7), 619-631. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.619.
  22. White, D., Take, W., and Bolton, M. (2001), "Measuring soil deformation in geotechnical models using digital images and PIV analysis", Proceedings of the 10th international conference on computer methods and advances in geomechanics, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
  23. Won M.S. and Kim, Y.S., (2007), "Internal deformation behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls", Geotext. Geomembranes, 25, 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.10.001.
  24. Wood David, M. (2004), Geotechnical modeling, Routledge, (Version 2.2), London, England.