Membrane and Water Treatment

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effects of pretreatment on membrane distillation of cooling tower blowdown water

  • Ince, Mahir (Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University) ;
  • Uslu, Yasin Abdullah (Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University) ;
  • Ince, Elif (Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University) ;
  • Yasar, Handenur (Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University)
  • Received : 2020.08.01
  • Accepted : 2021.09.28
  • Published : 2021.11.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In the membrane processes, pretreatment of the hardness is an effective way to minimize membrane fouling, and to increase the quality of the permeate. Many pretreatment methods can be applied for hardness removal in way of individual or combined before membrane processes. In this study, effects of pretreatment, pH adjustment, caustic soda (NaOH) softening and soda ash (Na2CO3) + caustic soda softening, on desalination performance of the coal fired power plant cooling tower blowdown water (CTBD) by membrane distillation (MD) was investigated. By the MD system operated with hot feed (60℃) and cold permeate (20℃) sides of membrane, approximately 32 LMH permeate flux and more than 99.8% salt rejection were obtained in all experiments. While it was observed that the recovery rate of raw CTBD was 66.2%, recovery rate of pretreated CTBD with caustic soda was 79.4%. It was also found that pretreatment significantly reduces membrane scaling.

Keywords

References

  1. Ali, A., Criscuoli, A., Macedonio, F., Argurio, P., Figoli, A. and Drioli, E. (2018), "Direct contact membrane distillation for the treatment of wastewater for a cooling tower in the power industry", H2Open J., 1(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2018.003.
  2. Altman, S.J., Jensen, R.P., Cappelle, M.A., Sanchez, A.L., Everett, R.L. anderson, H.L. and McGrath, L.K. (2012), "Membrane treatment of side-stream cooling tower water for reduction of water usage", Desalination, 285, 177-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.052.
  3. Benefield, L.D., Judkins, J.F. and Weand, B.L. (1981), Process Chemistry For Water and Wastewater Treatment, Perentice-Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.
  4. Bernardes, A.M. (2016), Encyclopedia of Membranes, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
  5. Clescerl, L.S., Green, A.E. and Eaton, A.D. (1998), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington D.C., U.S.A
  6. Farahani, M.H.D.A., Borghei, S.M. and Vatanpour, V. (2016), "Recovery of cooling tower blowdown water for reuse: The investigation of different types of pretreatment prior nanofiltration and reverse osmosis", J. Water Proc. Eng., 10, 188-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2016.01.011.
  7. Dieter, C.A., Maupin, M.A., Caldwell, R.R., Harris, M.A., Ivahnenko, T.I., Lovelace, J.K., Barber, N.L. and Linsey, K.S. (2015), Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1441, Circular, Virginia, U.S.A.
  8. Drioli, E., Ali, A. and Macedonio, F. (2015), "Membrane distillation: Recent developments and perspectives", Desalination, 356, 56-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.https://doi.org/10.028.
  9. Feeley, T.J., Skone, T.J., Stiegel, G.J., McNemar, A., Nemeth, M., Schimmoller, B., Murphy, J.T. and Manfredo, L. (2008), "Water: A critical resource in the thermoelectric power industry", Energy, 33(1). 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.08.007.
  10. Friedler, E., Katz, I. and Dosoretz, C.G. (2008), "Chlorination and coagulation as pretreatments for greywater desalination", Desalination, 222(1-3), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.130.
  11. Fritzmann, C., Lowenberg, J., Wintgens, T. and Melin, T. (2007), "State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination", Desalination, 216(1-3), 1-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009.
  12. Greenlee, L.F., Lawler, D.F., Freeman, B.D., Marrot, B. and Moulin, P. (2009), "Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology and today's challenges", Water Res., 43, 2317-2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.0https://doi.org/10.
  13. Gryta, M. (2006), "Water purification by membrane distillation process", Sep. Sci. Technol., 41(9), 1789-1798. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390600674950.
  14. Gryta, M. (2008), "Chemical pretreatment of feed water for membrane distillation", Chem. Pap., 62(1), 100-105. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-007-0085-5.
  15. Gryta, M. (2010), "Desalination of thermally softened water by membrane distillation process", Desalination, 257(1-3), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.20https://doi.org/10.03.012.
  16. Hanemaaijer, J.H., van Medevoort, J., Jansen, A.E., Dotremont, C., van Sonsbeek, E., Yuan, T. and De Ryck, L. (2006), "Memstill membrane distillation - a future desalination technology", Desalination, 199(1-3), 175-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.163.
  17. Huang, H., Schwab, K. and Jacangelo, J.G. (2009), "Pretreatment for low pressure membranes in water treatment: A review", Environ. Sci. Tech., 43(9), 3011-3019. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802473r.
  18. Ince, E. and Uslu, Y.A. (2019), "Membrane distillation of power plant cooling tower blowdown water", Membr. Water Treat., 10(5), 321-330. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2019.https://doi.org/10.5.321.
  19. Karakulski, K. and Gryta, M. (2005), "Water demineralisation by NF/MD integrated processes", Desalination, 177(1-3), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.018.
  20. Karakulski, K., Gryta, M. and Sasim, M. (2006), "Production of process water using integrated membrane processes", Chem. Pap., 60(6), 416-421. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-006-0076-y.
  21. Kim, S., Park, K.Y. and Cho, J. (2017), "Evaluation of the efficiency of cleaning method in direct contact membrane distillation of digested livestock wastewater", Membr. Water Treat., 8(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2017.8.2.113.
  22. Koeman-Stein, N.E., Creusen, R.J.M., Zijlstra, M., Groot, C.K. and Van Den Broek, W.B.P. (2016), "Membrane distillation of industrial cooling tower blowdown water", Water Resour. Ind. , 14, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2016.03.002.
  23. Kuipers, N., Hanemaaijer, J.H., Brouwer, H., van Medevoort, J., Jansen, A., Altena, F., van der Vleuten, P. and Bak, H. (2015), "Simultaneous production of high-quality water and electrical power from aqueous feedstock's and waste heat by high-pressure membrane distillation", Desalin. Water Treat., 55(10), 2766-2776. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.946724.
  24. Kuipers, N., van Leerdam, R., van Medevoort, J., van Tongeren, W., Verhasselt, B., Verelst, L., Vermeersch, M. and Corbisier, D. (2015), "Techno-economic assessment of boiler feed water production by membrane distillation with reuse of thermal waste energy from cooling water", Desalin. Water Treat., 55(13), 3506-3518. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.946722.
  25. Liu, Q., Song, L., Zhang, Z. and Liu, X. (2010), "Preparation and characterization of the PVDF-based composite membrane for direct methanol fuel cells", Int. J. Energ. Environ., 1(4), 643-656.
  26. Lowenberg, J., Baum, J.A., Zimmermann, Y.S., Groot, C., van den Broek, W. and Wintgens, T. (2015), "Comparison of pre-treatment technologies towards improving reverse osmosis desalination of cooling tower blow down", Desalination, 357, 140-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.11.018.
  27. Ma, J., Irfan, H.M., Wang, Y., Feng, X. and Xu, D. (2018), "Recovering wastewater in a cooling water system with thermal membrane distillation", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 57(31), 10491-10499. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00317.
  28. Mohsen, M.S. (2004), "Treatment and reuse of industrial effluents: Case study of a thermal power plant", Desalination, 167, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.115.
  29. Music, S., Filipovic-Vincekovic, N. and Sekovanic, L. (2011), "Precipitation of amorphous SiO2 particles and their properties", Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 28(1), 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66322011000100011.
  30. Petersen, L., Heynen, M. and Pellicciotti, F. (2019), "Freshwater resources: Past, present, future", Int. Encyclopedia Geograph., 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0712.pub2.
  31. Ricceri, F., Giagnorio, M., Farinelli, G., Blandini, G., Minella, M., Vione, D. and Tiraferri, A. (2019), "Desalination of produced water by membrane distillation: Effect of the feed components and of a pre-treatment by fenton oxidation", Sci. Rep., 9(1), 4964. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51167-z.
  32. Singh, R. (2006), Hybrid Membrane Systems for Water Purification: Technology, Systems Design and Operation, Elsevier.
  33. Tijing, L.D., Woo, Y.C., Choi, J.S., Lee, S., Kim, S.H. and Shon, H.K. (2015), "Fouling and its control in membrane distillation-A review", J. Membr. Sci., 475, 215-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.042.
  34. Tun, C.M., Fane, A.G., Matheickal, J.T. and Sheikholeslami, R. (2005), "Membrane distillation crystallization of concentrated salts-flux and crystal formation", J. Membr. Sci., 257(1-2), 144-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.09.051.
  35. TURKSTAT (2019), Sectoral Water and Wastewater Statistics; Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/.
  36. Wang, J., Qu, D., Tie, M., Ren, H., Peng, X. and Luan, Z. (2008), "Effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane distillation process for desalination of recirculating cooling water", Sep. Purif. Technol., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.07.022.
  37. Wang, P. and Chung, T.S. (2015), "Recent advances in membrane distillation processes: Membrane development, configuration design and application exploring", J. Membr. Sci., 474, 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.016.
  38. Wang, Z., Fan, Z., Xie, L. and Wang, S. (2006), "Study of integrated membrane systems for the treatment of wastewater from cooling towers", Desalination, 191(1-3), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.125.
  39. Warsinger, D.M., Swaminathan, J., Guillen-Burrieza, E., Arafat, H.A. and Lienhard V, J.H. (2015), "Scaling and fouling in membrane distillation for desalination applications: A review", Desalination, 356, 294-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.06.031.
  40. Wolf, P.H., Siverns, S. and Monti, S. (2005), "UF membranes for RO desalination pretreatment", Desalination, 182(1-3), 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.05.006.
  41. Wolfe, J.R., Goldstein, R.A., Maulbetsch, J.S. and McGowin, C.R. (2009), "An Electric Power Industry Perspective on Water Use Efficiency", J. Contemporary Water Res. Educ., 143(1), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2009.00062.x.
  42. You, S.H., Tseng, D.H., Guo, G.L. and Yang, J.J. (1999), "The potential for the recovery and reuse of cooling water in Taiwan", Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 26(1), 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(98)00075-5.
  43. Yu, X., Yang, H., Lei, H. and Shapiro, A. (2013), "Experimental evaluation on concentrating cooling tower blowdown water by direct contact membrane distillation", Desalination, 323, 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.01.029.
  44. Zhang, J., Chen, L., Zeng, H., Yan, X., Song, X., Yang, H. and Ye, C. (2007), "Pilot testing of outside-in MF and UF modules used for cooling tower blowdown pretreatment of power plants", Desalination, 214, 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.004.