Membrane and Water Treatment

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Application of ion exchange resins to reduce hardness and scaling of drinking water: Experimental and modeling

  • Sadeghi, Shahla (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering, Persian Gulf University) ;
  • Abbasi, Mohsen (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering, Persian Gulf University) ;
  • Osfouri, Shahriar (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering, Persian Gulf University) ;
  • Dianat, Mohammad Javad (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering, Persian Gulf University) ;
  • Khodaveisi, Javad (Water and Wastewater Company of Bushehr Province)
  • Received : 2020.03.16
  • Accepted : 2021.09.15
  • Published : 2021.11.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this research, the performance of strong cationic Purolite C-100 Na+, Ambersep IR252 H+, Amberlite IR120 H+ ion exchange resins and an IRA402 OH- anionic resin have investigated to the reduction of hardness and TDS of drinking water in Bushehr, Iran. Also, to demonstrate the efficiency of these resins, the experimental variables affecting the ion exchange process such as contact time and adsorbent consumption were investigated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity in the best operating condition was 48.01, 45 and 36.01 mg.g-1 for Purolite, Ambersep, and Amberlite resins, respectively. The maximum percentage of total hardness reduction parameters, calcium and magnesium ions reduction at best operating condition was 90.086%, 93.085%, 77.27% for Purolite ion exchange resins, 83.84%, 86.70%, 71.59% for Ambersep ion exchange resins and 69.83, 69.41, 69.32 for Amberlite ion exchange resins, respectively. Also, in the compound stage (the combination of cationic and anionic resins), at the best condition, 3 g/L of cationic resin and 12 g/L of anionic resin had the best efficiency in adjusting pH and reducing TDS. To study the adsorption kinetic process of calcium and magnesium ions by three strong cationic ion exchange resins, three pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Morris-Weber models were employed. Among these models, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model had the best agreement with the experimental data. The models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dobinin-Radskvich were utilized for the equilibrium study of hardened ions adsorption (calcium and magnesium). From the equilibrium study of the absorption process, it was founded that this process involves both chemical and physical absorption and the Langmuir model has the best agreement with the experimental data.

Keywords

References

  1. Ambashta, R.D. and Sillanpaa, M. (2010), "Water purification using magnetic assistance: a review", J. Hazard. Mater., 180(1-3), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.105.
  2. Apell, J.N. and Boyer, T.H. (2010), "Combined ion exchange treatment for removal of dissolved organic matter and hardness", Water Res., 44(8), 2419-2430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.01.004.
  3. Asl, S. H., Ahmadi, M., Ghiasvand, M., Tardast, A. and Katal, R. (2013), "Artificial neural network (ANN) approach for modeling of Cr (VI) adsorption from aqueous solution by zeolite prepared from raw fly ash (ZFA)", J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19(3), 1044-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.12.001.
  4. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation and Water Environment Federation (1912), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
  5. Benefield, L.D., Judkins, J.F. and Weand, B.L. (1982), Process Cchemistry for Water and Wastewater Treatment, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.
  6. Coca, M., Mato, S., Gonzalez-Benito, G., Uruena, M.A . and Garcia-Cubero, M.T. (2010), "Use of weak cation exchange resin Lewatit S 8528 as alternative to strong ion exchange resins for calcium salt removal", J. Food Eng., 97(4), 569-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.12.002.
  7. Comstock, S.E. and Boyer, T.H. (2014), "Combined magnetic ion exchange and cation exchange for removal of DOC and hardness", Chem. Eng. J., 241, 366-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.073.
  8. Cornelissen, E., Beerendonk, E., Nederlof, M., Van der Hoek, J. and Wessels, L. (2009), "Fluidized ion exchange (FIX) to control NOM fouling in ultrafiltration", Desalination, 236(1-3), 334-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.10.084.
  9. Dehghan, P., Abbasi, M., Mofarahi, M. and Azari, A. (2020), "Adsorption of synthetic and real Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors (KHI) wastewaters on activated carbon: Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and optimized conditions", Sep. Sci. Technol., 56(13), 2266-2277. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2020.1821220.
  10. Dubinin, M. (1947), "The equation of the characteristic curve of activated charcoal", Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR., 55, 327-329.
  11. Duncan, J. and Lister, B. (1948), "Ion exchange", Quarterly Rev. Chem. Soc., 2(4), 307-348. https://doi.org/10.1039/QR9480200307.
  12. Ebrahimi, A., Kamarehie, B., sgari, G., Seid, M.A. and Roshanawi, G. (2012), "Drinking water corrosivity and sediment in the distribution network of Kuhdasht, Iran", Health Syst. Res., 8(3), 480-486.
  13. Entezari, M.H. and Tahmasbi, M. (2009), "Water softening by combination of ultrasound and ion exchange", Ultrason. Sonochem., 16(3), 356-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.09.008.
  14. Gauthier, G., Chao, Y., Horner, O., Alos-Ramos, O., Hui, F., Ledion, J. and Perrot, H. (2012), "Application of the fast controlled precipitation method to assess the scale-forming ability of raw river waters", Desalination, 299, 89-95. .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.05.027
  15. Gupta, S.S. and Bhattacharyya, K.G. (2008), "Immobilization of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) ions on kaolinite and montmorillonite surfaces from aqueous medium", J. Environ. Manage., 87(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.048.
  16. Hadi, M. (2010), "Development a software for calculation of eight important water corrosion indices", Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Environmental Health, Tehran, Iran, November.
  17. Hayani, A., Mountadar, S., Tahiri, S. and Mountadar, M. (2016), "Softening of hard water by ion-exchange with strongly acidic cationic resin. Application to the brackish groundwater of the coastal area of El Jadida province (Morocco)", J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 7(10), 3875-3884.
  18. Helms, R.F. (1973), "Evaluation of ion exchange for demineralization of wastewater", M.Sc. Dissertations, University of Colorado, Colorado, U.S.A.
  19. Ismail, N.N. (2016), "Experimental study on ion exchange rate of calcium hardness in water softening process using strong acid resin DOWEX HCR S/S", Al-Nahrain J. Eng. Sci., 19(1), 107-114.
  20. Katal, R. and Pahlavanzadeh, H. (2011), "Zn (II) ion removal from aqueous solution by using a polyaniline composite", J. Vinyl Addit. Technol., 17(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20252.
  21. Khan, M.I., Wu, L., Mondal, A.N., Yao, Z., Ge, L. and Xu, T. (2016), "Adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution on anion exchange membranes: Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium", Membr. Water Treat, 7(1), 23-38. http://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2016.7.1.023.
  22. Khan, M.I., Ansari, T.M., Zafar, S., Buzdar, A.R., Khan, M.A., Mumtaz, F., Prapamonthon, T. and Akhtar, M. (2018), "Acid green-25 removal from wastewater by anion exchange membrane: Adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic studies", Membr. Water Treat., 9(2), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2018.9.2.079.
  23. Lv, R., Hu, Y., Li, R., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Fan, C., Feng, J., Jhang, L. and Wang, Z. (2019), "Adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from phosphoric acid-nitric acid solution using strong acid cation resin in fixed bed column", Desalin. Water Treat., 155, 225-236. http://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23919.
  24. Millar, G.J., Papworth, S. and Couperthwaite, S.J. (2014), "Exploration of the fundamental equilibrium behaviour of calcium exchange with weak acid cation resins", Desalination, 351, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.07.022.
  25. Millar, G.J., Couperthwaite, S.J., De Bruyn, M. and Leung, C.W. (2015), "Ion exchange treatment of saline solutions using Lanxess S108H strong acid cation resin", Chem. Eng. J., 280, 525-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.008.
  26. Omraei, M. and Najafpour, G.D. (2011), "Removal of zinc from aqueous phase by charcoal ash", World Appl. Sci. J., 13(2), 331-340.
  27. O zmetin, C. and Aydin, O. (2007), "A semi-empirical model for adsorption of magnesium ion from magnesium impuritycontaining saturated boric acid solutions on amberlite IR-120 resin" Fresenius Environ. Bull., 16(7), 720-725.
  28. O zmetin, C., Aydin, O ., Kocakerim, M.M., Korkmaz, M. and O zmetin, E. (2009), "An empirical kinetic model for calcium removal from calcium impurity-containing saturated boric acid solution by ion exchange technology using Amberlite IR-120 resin", Chem. Eng. J., 148(2-3), 420-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.09.021.
  29. Prajapati, M., Gaur, P. and Dasare, B. (1983), "Water-softening by continuous counter-current ion-exchange single column technique", Desalination, 48(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(83)85004-8.
  30. Sepehr, M.N., Zarrabi, M., Kazemian, H., Amrane, A., Yaghmaian, K. and Ghaffari, H.R. (2013), "Removal of hardness agents, calcium and magnesium, by natural and alkaline modified pumice stones in single and binary systems", Appl. Surf. Sci., 274, 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.03.042.
  31. Shams, M., Mohamadi, A. and Sajadi, S.A. (2012), "Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potential of water in rural water supply distribution networks of Tabas, Iran", World Appl. Sci. J., 17(11), 1484-1489.
  32. Townsend, R.P. (1993), Fundamentals of Ion Exchange in Ion Exchange Processes: Advances and applications, U.K.
  33. Vairavamoorthy, K., Yan, J., Galgale, H. M. and Gorantiwar, S. D. (2007), "IRA-WDS: A GIS-based risk analysis tool for water distribution systems", Environ. Model. Softw., 22(7), 951-965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.05.027.
  34. Weber, W.J. and Morris, J.C. (1963), "Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution", J. Sanitary Eng. Division, 89(2), 31-60. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSEDAI.0000430
  35. Yu, Z., Qi, T., Qu, J. and Guo, Y. (2015), "Application of mathematical models for ion-exchange removal of calcium ions from potassium chromate solutions by Amberlite IRC 748 resin in a continuous fixed bed column", Hydrometallurgy, 158, 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.10.015.
  36. Zainol, Z. and Nicol, M.J. (2009), "Ion-exchange equilibria of Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ with iminodiacetic acid chelating resin Amberlite IRC 748", Hydrometallurgy, 99(3-4), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.08.004
  37. Zazouli, M., BarafrashtehPour, M., Sedaghat, F. and Mahdavi, Y. (2013), "Assessment of scale formation and corrosion of drinking water supplies in Yasuj (Iran) in 2012", J. Mazandaran Univ. Med. Sci., 22(2), 100-108.
  38. Zuo, K., Yuan, L., Wei, J., Liang, P. and Huang, X. (2013), "Competitive migration behaviors of multiple ions and their impacts on ion-exchange resin packed microbial desalination cell", Bioresource Technol., 146, 637-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.139.