Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology (한국응용과학기술학회지)

The Korean Society of Applied Science and Technology (한국응용과학기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Analysis of Whitening Effects on Extracts from Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) Seeds

은행나무 종자 추출물의 미백효능 분석

  • Choi, Eun-Young (Division of Bio-Technology and Convergence, Daegu Hanny University) ;
  • Jang, Young-Ah (Convergence Research Center for Smart Healthcare of KS R&DB Foundation)
  • 최은영 (대구한의대학교 바이오산업융합학부) ;
  • 장영아 (경성대학교 스마트헬스케어융복합연구센터)
  • Received : 2021.09.15
  • Accepted : 2021.10.25
  • Published : 2021.10.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) seeds, called 'Baekqwa', were extracted from 70% ethanol to investigate the whitening effect and to confirm the application potential as a cosmetic material. Ginkgo seed ethanol extracts (GBE) were treated with B16F10 melanoma cells, and melanin contents and tyrosinase, which is the main enzyme concerning the synthesis process of melanin, inhibitory activity were confirmed. As a result, there were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, and GBE also significantly reduced the protein expression and mRNA levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, -2 (TRP-1, -2), and their upstream transcription factor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). These results suggest that GBE could be used as an effective whitening agent that has an inhibitory effect on melanin production by regulating the expression and degradation of MITF in melanocytes.

은행나무 종자인 백과를 70% 에탄올로 추출하여 미백 효능을 규명하고 화장품 소재로서의 응용 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 백과 에탄올추출물 (GBE)을 B16F10 melanoma cells에 처치하여 멜라닌 생성과 tyrosinase 활성을 확인한 결과 유의한 수준의 멜라닌 생성 저해가 관찰되었고, 멜라닌 생성과정에 관여하는 주요 효소인 tyrosinase의 활성이 농도 의존적으로 억제됨이 관찰되었다. 멜라닌 생성 관련 주요 인자들의 단백질 발현과 mRNA 수준을 관찰한 결과, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, -2 (TRP-1, -2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)의 단백질 발현과 유전자 수준이 GBE의 처리에 의해 유의한 수준으로 저해되었다. 이 결과를 통해, 본 연구의 백과 에탄올추출물은 멜라닌 세포의 멜라닌 생성 관련 핵심 전사인자인 MITF의 조절을 통해 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 나타내는 것으로 보인다. 이에 따라 백과 에탄올추출물을 화장품 미백 기능성 소재로 활용 가능성이 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Keywords

References

  1. R. Speeckaert, M. Van Gele, M. M. Speeckaert, J. Lambert, N. van Geel, "The biology of hyperpigmentation syndromes", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, Vol.27, No.4 pp. 512-524, (2014).
  2. L. Weixiong, Z. H. Helene, "Induced melanin reduces mutations and cell killing in mouse melanoma", Photochemistry and Photobiology. Vol.65, No.3 pp. 480-485, (1997). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08594.x
  3. M. B. C. Maymone, H. H. Neamah, E. A. Secemsky, N. A. Vashi, "Correlating the dermatology life quality index and skin discoloration impact evaluation questionnaire tools in disorders of hyperpigmentation", The Journal of Dermatology, Vol.45, No.3 pp.361-362, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14172
  4. T. Pillaiyar, M. Manickam, V. Namasivayam, "Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors", Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol.32, No.1 pp. 403-425, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882
  5. M. L. W. Juhasz M. K. Levin, "The role of systemic treatments for skin lightening", Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, Vol.17, No.6 pp. 1144-1157, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12747
  6. H. Y. Park, B. A. Gilchrest, "Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis", Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisyle-Grand, France), Vol.45, No.7 pp. 919-930, (1999).
  7. S. Briganti, E. Camera, M. Picardo, "Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmentation", Pigment Cell Research, Vol.16, No.2 pp. 101-110, (2003). https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00029.x
  8. G. S. Kim, Y. W. Paek, K. M. Ko, S. J. Hwang, Y. J. Kim, S. J. Chung, B. Hwang, "Detection of flavonoid compounds by cell culture of Ginkgo biloba L.", The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol.11, No.1 pp1-7 (1996).
  9. B. P. Jacobs, W. S. Browner, "Ginkgo biloba: a living fossil", The American Journal of Medicine, Vol.108, No.4 pp. 341-342, (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00290-4
  10. P. Braquet, "Ginkgolides: Potent platelet activating factor antagonists isolated from Ginkgo biloba L.: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications", Drugs of the Future, Vol.12, pp. 643-699, (1987). https://doi.org/10.1358/dof.1987.012.07.77903
  11. M. S. Blois, "Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical", Nature. Vol.181, pp. 1199-1200, (1958). https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  12. J. Y, Park, H. M. Ham, S. I. Han, S. H. Oh, Y. C, Song, J. H. Cho, Y, J, Hur, Y. Y. Lee, B, W. Lee, Y, H. Choi, "Comparison of antioxidant components and antioxidant activities of colored rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in southern plain", Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol.45, No.8 pp. 1214-1220, (2016). https://doi.org/10.3746/JKFN.2016.45.8.1214
  13. A. Yagi, T. Kanbara, N. Morinobu, "The effect of tyrosinase inhibition for aloe", Planta Medica, Vol.3981, 517-519, (1986).
  14. T. Mosmann, "Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays", Journal of Immunological Methods. Vol.65 No.1-2 pp. 55-63, (1983). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
  15. J. C. Heo, J. Y. Park, S. M. An, J. M. Lee, "Anti-oxidant and anti-tumor activities of crude extracts by Gastrodia elata Blume". Korean Journal of Food Preservation, Vol.13, No.1 pp. 83-87, (2006).
  16. J. Ancerewicz, E. Migliavacca, P. A. Carrupt, B. Testa, F. Bree, R, Zini, J. P. Tillement, S. Labidalle, D. Guyot, A. M. Chauvet-Monges, A. Crevat, A. L. Ridant, "Structure-property relationships of trimetazidine derivatives and model compounds as potential antioxidants", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol.25, No.1 pp. 113-120, (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00072-0
  17. J. M. Lee, "Physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant effects of red mustard (Brassica juncea L.) leaf using different drying methods", The Korean Journal of Community Living Science, Vol.28, No.4 pp. 515-524, (2017). https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2017.28.4.515
  18. D. I. Kim, S. H. Lee, E. Y, Hur, S. M. Cho, H. J. Park, "Screening of natural plant resources with acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity", Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol.34, No.3 pp. 427-432, (2005). https://doi.org/10.3746/JKFN.2005.34.3.427
  19. Y. S. Kim, Y, H. Lee, J. Y. Lee, Y. S. Yi, "Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts on melanin biosynthesis", Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, Vol.41, No.4 pp. 383-389, (2015). https://doi.org/10.15230/SCSK.2015.41.4.383
  20. T. W. Jang, J. H. Park, "Antioxidant activities and whitening effects of ethyl acetate fractions from the immature seeds of Abeliophyllum distichum", Journal of Life Science, Vol.27, No.5 pp. 536-544, (2017). https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2017.27.5.536
  21. I. S. An, J. H. Kim, H. S. Yoo, R. Zhang, S. M. Kang, T. B. Choe, T. J. Kwon, S. K. An, G. Y. Kim, "The inhibition effect of L-cysteine on melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells", Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology, Vol.5, No.2 pp. 239-246, (2007).
  22. J. H, Lee, M. G. Kim, S. Lee, K, H, Leem, "Effects of Bletillae rhizoma on the elastase, collagenase and tyrosinase activities and the procollagen synthesis in Hs68 human fibroblasts", The Korea Journal of Herbology, Vol.28, No.1 pp. 9-14, (2013). https://doi.org/10.6116/KJH.2013.28.1.9
  23. J. Gross, C. M. Lapiere, "Collagenolytic activity in amphibian tissues: a tissue culture assay", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol.48, No.6 pp. 1014-1022, (1962). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.48.6.1014
  24. T. A. Luger, T. Scholzen, S. Grabbe, "The role of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone in cutaneous biology" Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, Vol.2, No.1 pp. 87-93, (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/jidsymp.1997.17
  25. A. B. Lerner, J. S. McGuire, "Effect of alpha- and beta-melanoctye stimulating hormone on the skin color of man" Nature. Vol.189, pp. 176-179, (1961). https://doi.org/10.1038/189176a0
  26. S. B. Im, O. Moro, F. Peng, E. E. Medrano, J. Cornelius, G. Babcock, J. J. Nordlund, Z. A. Abdel-Malek, "Activation of the cAMP pathway by α-melanotropin mediated the rest of human melanocytes to ultraviolet B radiation" Cancer Research. Vol.58, No.1 pp. 47-54, (1998).
  27. V. J. Heraing, M. Jimenez, "Mammalian tyrosinase-the critical regulatory control point in melanocyte pigment" International Journal of Biochemistry, Vol.19 No.12 pp. 1141-1147, (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-711X(87)90095-4
  28. H. Y. Park, M. Kosmadaki, M. Yaar, B. A. Gilchrest, "Cellular mechanisms regulating human melanogenesis", Cellular and molecular life sciences, Vol.66, No.9 pp. 1493-1506, (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-8703-8
  29. M. Seiberg, "Keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions during melanosome transfer", Pigment Cell Research, Vol.14, No.4 pp, 236-242, (2001). https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.2001.140402.x
  30. S. B. Han, S. S. Kwon, B. J. Kong, K. J. Kim, S. N. Park, "Antioxidative effect and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the unripened fruit extract of Rubus coreanus Miquel", Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, Vol.39, No.4 pp. 295-302, (2013). https://doi.org/10.15230/SCSK.2013.39.4.295
  31. A. Chakraborty, A. Slominski, G. Ermak, J. Hwang, J. Pawelek, "Ultraviolet B and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulate mRNA production for alpha MSH receptors and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in mouse melanoma cells and transformed keratinocytes", The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol.105, No.5 pp.655-659, (1995). https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12324134
  32. M. Khaled, L. Larribere, K. Bille, E. Aberdam, J. P. Ortonne, R. Ballotti, C. Bertolotto, "Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta is activated by cAMP and plays an active role in the regulation of melanogenesis", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol.277, No.37 pp. 33690-33697, (2002). https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M202939200
  33. Y. M. Kim, S. E. Cho, Y. K. Seo, "The activation of melanogenesis by p-CREB and MITF signaling with extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on B16F10 melanoma", Life Sciences, Vol.162, pp. 25-32, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.015
  34. Y. Cheli, M. Ohanna, R. Ballotti, C. Bertolotto, "Fifteen-year quest for microphtalmia-associated transcription factor target genes", Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, Vol.23, No.1 pp. 27-40, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-148X.2009.00653.x
  35. J. J. Hsiao, D. E. Fisher, "The roles of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and pigmentation in melanoma", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol.563, pp. 28-34, (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.019
  36. K. Kameyama, C. Sakai, S. Kuge, S. Nishiyama, Y. Tomita, S. Ito, K. Wakamatsu, V. J. Hearing, "The expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 (TRP1 and TRP2), the silver protein, and a melanogenic inhibitor in human melanoma cells of differing melanogenic activities", Pigment Cell Research, Vol.8, No.2 pp. 97-104, (1995). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1995.tb00648.x