Safety and Health at Work

Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (산업안전보건연구원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Associations between Sleep and Work-Related Cognitive and Emotional Functioning in Police Employees

  • Received : 2020.10.22
  • Accepted : 2021.03.03
  • Published : 2021.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Aim: We aimed to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between sleep and work-related impaired cognitive and emotional functioning in police employees. Methods: This study included 410 participants (52% men) employed in a police district in Norway at baseline, of which 50% also participated in the study at 6 months later follow-up. The questionnaires included items measuring work schedule, sleep length, insomnia, as well as impaired cognitive and emotional functioning at work. Results: The results showed that insomnia was related to impaired work-related emotional functioning measured at baseline, and to impaired cognitive functioning measured at both baseline and follow-up. Sleep length and rotating shift work were not associated with future decline in cognitive or emotional functioning. Conclusion: Our study indicates that the relationship between insomnia and emotional functioning at work may be transient, whereas insomnia can be related to both immediate and future impaired cognitive functioning. Replication of the findings in larger samples is advised. The findings call for an emphasis on the prevention and treatment of sleep problems among police employees as a mean of maintaining and improving cognitive and emotional functioning at work, and thereby reducing the risk for impaired performance and negative health and safety outcomes.

Keywords

References

  1. Pilcher JJ, Huffcutt AI. Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep 1996;19(4):318-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/19.4.318
  2. Fortier-Brochu E, et al. Insomnia and daytime cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2012;16(1):83-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.008
  3. Gruber R, Cassoff J. The interplay between sleep and emotion regulation: conceptual framework empirical evidence and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports 2014;16(11):500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0500-x
  4. Walker MP. The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2009;1156(1):168-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x
  5. Deliens G, Gilson M, Peigneux P. Sleep and the processing of emotions. Experimental Brain Research 2014;232(5):1403-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-3832-1
  6. Tempesta D, et al. Sleep and emotional processing. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2018;40:183-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.005
  7. Peterson SA, et al. Associations between shift work characteristics, shift work schedules, sleep and burnout in North American police officers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019;9(11).
  8. Monk TH, Folkard S. Making shiftwork tolerable. CRC Press; 1992.
  9. Flo E, et al. Shift-related sleep problems vary according to work schedule. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2013;70(4):238-45. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2012-101091
  10. Akerstedt T, Wright KP. Sleep loss and fatigue in shift work and shift work disorder. Sleep Medicine Clinics 2009;4(2):257-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.03.001
  11. Hirshkowitz M, et al. National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health 2015;1(1):40-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
  12. Lim J, Dinges DF. A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables. American Psychological Association; 2010.
  13. Killgore TJ Balkin, Wesensten NJ. Impaired decision making following 49 h of sleep deprivation. Journal of Sleep Research 2006;15(1):7-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00487.x
  14. Killgore, et al. Sleep deprivation impairs recognition of specific emotions. Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 2017;3:10-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbscr.2017.01.001
  15. Killgore, et al. Sleep deprivation reduces perceived emotional intelligence and constructive thinking skills. Sleep Medicine 2008;9(5):517-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2007.07.003
  16. Palmer CA, Alfano CA. Sleep and emotion regulation: an organizing, integrative review. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2017;31:6-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.12.006
  17. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013.
  18. Fortier-Brochu E, Morin CM. Cognitive impairment in individuals with insomnia: clinical significance and correlates. Sleep 2014;37(11):1787-98. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4172
  19. Park Y-M, Kim SY. Impacts of job stress and cognitive failure on patient safety incidents among hospital nurses. Safety and Health at Work 2013;4(4):210-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2013.10.003
  20. Brossoit RM, et al. The effects of sleep on workplace cognitive failure and safety. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2018;24(4).
  21. Scott BA, Judge TA. Insomnia, emotions, and job satisfaction: a multilevel study. Journal of Management 2006;32(5):622-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306289762
  22. Yun C-H, et al. Daytime sleepiness associated with poor sustained attention in middle and late adulthood. Sleep Medicine 2015;16(1):143-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.028
  23. Stelfox P, Pease K. Cognition and detection: reluctant bedfellows? Crime science: new approaches to preventing and detecting crime; 2013. p. 191-207.
  24. Diener E, Thapa S, Tay L. Positive emotions at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 2019;7:451-77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908
  25. Gloria CT, Steinhardt MA. The direct and mediating roles of positive emotions on work engagement among postdoctoral fellows. Studies in Higher Education 2017;42(12):2216-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1138938
  26. Pogrebin MR, Poole ED. Emotion management: a study of police response to tragic events; 1995.
  27. Pogrebin MR, Poole ED. Police and tragic events: the management of emotions. Journal of Criminal Justice 1991;19(4):395-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(91)90036-U
  28. Minkel JD, et al. Sleep deprivation and stressors: evidence for elevated negative affect in response to mild stressors when sleep deprived. Emotion 2012;12(5):1015-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026871
  29. Litwiller B, et al. The relationship between sleep and work: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 2017;102(4):682. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000169
  30. World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. World Medical Association; 2014.
  31. Carstensen LL, et al. Emotional experience improves with age: evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling. Psychology and Aging 2011;26(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021285
  32. Craik FI, Salthouse TA. The handbook of aging and cognition. Psychology press; 2011.
  33. Miller DI, Halpern DF. The new science of cognitive sex differences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2014;18(1):37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.011
  34. Domes G, et al. The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Human Brain Mapping 2010;31(5):758-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20903
  35. Pallesen S, et al. A new scale for measuring insomnia: the Bergen Insomnia Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2008;107(3):691-706. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.3.691-706
  36. Schaufeli W, De Witte H, Desart S. Manual Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). Leuven, Belgium: KU; 2020.
  37. Menard S. Handbook of longitudinal research: design, measurement, and analysis. Elsevier; 2007.
  38. Kearney MW. Cross lagged panel analysis. The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods; 2017. p. 312-4.
  39. Orzel-Gryglewska J. Consequences of sleep deprivation. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 2010;23(1):95-114. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-010-0004-9
  40. Rajaratnam SM, et al. Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers. Jama 2011;306(23):2567-78. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1851
  41. Daus CS, Brown S. Chapter 11: the emotion work of police. In: Ashkanasy N, Hartel C, Zerbe W, editors. Experiencing and managing emotions in the workplace. Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2012. p. 305-28.
  42. Kring AM, Sloan DM, editors. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. Guilford Press; 2009.
  43. Werner K, Gross JJ. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: a conceptual framework. In: Kring AM, Sloan DM, editors. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. Guildford Press; 2010. p. 13-37.
  44. Medic G, Wille M, Hemels ME. Short-and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nature and Science of Sleep 2017;9:151-61. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S134864
  45. Pilcher JJ, Ginter DR, Sadowsky B. Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1997;42(6):583-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00004-4
  46. Lallukka T, et al. Association of sleep duration and sleep quality with the physical, social, and emotional functioning among Australian adults. Sleep Health 2018;4(2):194-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.11.006
  47. Vedaa O, et al. Sleep detriments associated with quick returns in rotating shift work: a diary study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2017;59(6):522-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001006
  48. Sianoja M, et al. The relationship between leadership support and employee sleep. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2019;25(3):187-202. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000173
  49. Saksvik IB, et al. Individual differences in tolerance to shift work-a systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2011;15(4):221-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.07.002
  50. Selig JP, Little TD. Autoregressive and cross-lagged panel analysis for longitudinal data; 2012.
  51. Lauderdale DS, et al. Sleep duration: how well do self-reports reflect objective measures? The CARDIA Sleep Study. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 2008;19(6):838. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e318187a7b0
  52. Podsakoff PM, et al. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003;88(5):879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  53. Donaldson SI, Grant-Vallone EJ. Understanding self-report bias in organizational behavior research. Journal of Business and Psychology 2002;17(2):245-60. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019637632584
  54. Patten ML. Questionnaire research: a practical guide. Routledge; 2016.
  55. Saksvik SB, et al. The prevalence and stability of sleep-wake disturbance and fatigue throughout the first year after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2020;37(23):2528-41. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2019.6898
  56. Etkin A, Wager TD. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007;164(10):1476-88. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504