Structural Engineering and Mechanics

  • 제80권2호
  • /
  • Pages.113-127
  • /
  • 2021
  • /
  • 1225-4568(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6217(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of application factors on optimum design of reinforced concrete retaining systems

  • 투고 : 2020.02.24
  • 심사 : 2021.06.26
  • 발행 : 2021.10.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Retaining walls and cantilever soldier pile walls are both can be used in interchangeable manner so it is so important to evaluate the relationship between the cost and sizing. In this paper, an investigation of the effect of the design restraints and cost limits of both reinforced concrete retaining walls and cantilever soldier pile walls on optimum design is done. Pure frictional soils are evaluated as the surrounding soil medium of retaining structures and Rankine lateral earth pressure theory is used to derive the lateral thrust effected through the selected retaining systems. Fictionalized different cases are created for all retaining systems to compare optimal dimensions and minimum costs for the same project requirements. Jaya algorithm is used to perform optimization process. Parametrical analyses are conducted according to change of excavation depth, unit weight of soil, and cost of concrete, surcharge load and workmanship multiplier. The results of the parametric analysis has provided to suggest on the design and application differences of both retaining systems having regard to the effects of both cost and sizing simultaneously. As a consequence of the study, some limitations that have to be considered before design are given for the selection of proper retaining structure not to cause overinvestment.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. ACI 318 (2014), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
  2. Ahmadi-Nedushan, B. and Varaee, H. (2009), "Optimal design of reinforced concrete retaining walls using a swarm intelligence technique", The First International Conference on Soft Computing Technology in Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Stirlingshire, Scotland, September.
  3. Artar, M. and Daloglu, A.T. (2019), "Optimum design of steel space truss towers under seismic effect using Jaya algorithm", Struct. Eng. Mech., 71(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.71.1.001.
  4. Artar, M. and Daloglu, A.T. (2020), "A research on optimum designs of steel frames including soil effects or semi rigid supports using Jaya algorithm", Struct. Eng. Mech., 73(2), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2020.73.2.153.
  5. Aydogdu, I. (2017), "Cost optimization of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls under seismic loading using a biogeography-based optimization algorithm with Levy flights", Eng. Optim., 49(3), 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2016.1191837.
  6. Bowles, J.E. (1988), Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
  7. Cakir, T. (2014), "Influence of wall flexibility on dynamic response of cantilever retaining walls", Struct. Eng. Mech., 49(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.49.1.001.
  8. Camp, C.V. and Akin, A. (2012), "Design of retaining walls using big bang-big crunch optimization", J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 138(3), 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000461.
  9. Catal, S. (2006), "Analysis of free vibration of beam on elastic soil using differential transform method", Struct. Eng. Mech., 24(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2006.24.1.051.
  10. Celep, Z. and Kumbasar, N. (2005), Betonarme Yapilar, Beta Basim Yayin Dagitim, Istanbul, Turkey.
  11. Celep, Z., Guler, K. and Demir, F. (2011), "Response of a completely free beam on a tensionless Pasternak foundation subjected to dynamic load", Struct. Eng. Mech., 37(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2011.37.1.061.
  12. Ceranic, B., Fryer, C. and Baines, R.W. (2001), "An application of simulated annealing to the optimum design of reinforced concrete retaining structures", Comput. Struct., 79(17), 1569- 1581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(01)00037-2.
  13. Clayton, C.R.I. and Militisky, J. (1993), Earth Pressure and Earth Retaining Structures, Blackie Academic & Professional, New York, USA.
  14. Dembicki, E. and Chi, T. (1989), "System analysis in calculation of cantilever retaining wall", Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 13(6), 599-610. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610130603.
  15. Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V. and Colorni, A. (1996), "The ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents", IEEE Tran. Syst. Man Cybern. B, 26(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1109/3477.484436.
  16. Fenu, L., Briseghella, B. and Marano, G.C. (2018), "Optimum shape and length of laterally loaded piles", Struct. Eng. Mech., 68(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2018.68.1.121.
  17. Fenu, L., Briseghella, B. and Marano, G.C. (2019), "Simplified method to design laterally loaded piles with optimum shape and length", Struct. Eng. Mech., 71(2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.71.2.119
  18. Gajan, S. (2011), "Normalized relationships for depth of embedment of sheet pile walls and soldier pile walls in cohesionless soils", Soil. Found., 51(3), 559-564. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.559.
  19. Kaveh, A., Kalateh-Ahani, M. and Fahimi-Farzam, M. (2013), "Constructability optimal design of reinforced concrete retaining walls using a multi-objective genetic algorithm", Struct. Eng. Mech., 47(2), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2013.47.2.227.
  20. Kay, S., Griffiths, D.V. and Kolk, H.J. (1985), "Application of pressuremeter testing to assess lateral pile response in clays", The Pressuremeter and its Marine Applications: Second International Symposium, ASTM International, January.
  21. Kay, S., Griffiths, D.V. and Kolk, H.J. (1985), "Application of pressuremeter testing to assess lateral pile response in clays", The Pressuremeter and its Marine Applications: Second International Symposium, ASTM International, January.
  22. Kayabekir, A.E., Arama, Z.A., Bekdas, G., Nigdeli, S.M. and Geem, Z.W. (2020), "Eco-friendly design of reinforced concrete retaining walls: Multi-objective optimization with harmony search applications", Sustain., 12(15), 6087. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156087.
  23. Khajehzadeh, M., Taha, M.R. and Eslami, M. (2013), "Efficient gravitational search algorithm for optimum design of retaining walls", Struct. Eng. Mech., 45(1), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2013.45.1.111.
  24. King, G.W.J. (1995), "Analysis of cantilever sheet-pile walls in cohesionless soil", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 121(9), 629-635. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:9(629).
  25. Konagai, K., Yin, Y. and Yoshitaka, M. (2003), "Single beam analogy for describing soil-pile group interaction", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 23, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00212-9.
  26. Lee, C.J., Chen, H.T., Wei, Y.C., Lin, Y.C., Huang, W.S. and Chiang, K.H. (2007), "Centrifuge modeling of a self-supported double soldier-piled wall in sandy soil", J. Geoeng., 2(3), 97-109.
  27. Lee, C.J., Wei, Y.C., Chen, H.T., Chang, Y.Y., Lin, Y.C. and Huang, W.S. (2011), "Stability analysis of cantilever double soldier-piled walls in sandy soil", J. Chin. Inst. Eng., 34(4), 449-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2011.576488.
  28. Mergos, P.E. and Mantoglou, F. (2020), "Optimum design of reinforced concrete retaining wall with the flower pollination algorithm", Struct. Multidisc. Optim., 61(2), 575-585. https://doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02380-x.
  29. Ozturk, H.T. and Dede, T. (2017), "Payandali betonarme istinat duvarlarinin jaya algoritmasiyla optimum tasarimi", 7. Geoteknik Sempozyumu, Istanbul, Turkey, October.
  30. Ozturk, H.T. and Turkeli, E. (2019), "Tabaninda anahtar kesiti bulunan betonarme istinat duvarlarinin JAYA algoritmasiyla optimum tasarimi", Politeknik Dergisi, 22(2), 283-291.
  31. Poulos, H.G. (1971), "Behavior of laterally loaded piles: II-Group piles", ASCE J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 97(5), 733-751. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001593
  32. Powrie, W. (1996), "Limit equilibrium analysis of embedded retaining walls", Geotechnique, 46(4) 709-723. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.4.709.
  33. Powrie, W. (1997), Soil Mechanics: Concepts and Applications, E and FN Spon, An Imprint of Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
  34. Randolph, M.F. (1981), "The response of flexible piles to lateral loading", Geotechnique, 31, 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1981.31.2.247.
  35. Rankine, W. (1857), On the Stability of Loose Earth, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
  36. Rao, R. (2016), "Jaya: A simple and new optimization algorithm for solving constrained and unconstrained optimization problems", Int. J. Indus. Eng. Comput., 7(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijiec.2015.8.004.
  37. Saribas, A. and Erbatur, F. (1996), "Optimization and sensitivity of retaining structures", J. Geotech. Eng., 122(8), 649-656. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:8(649).
  38. Sheikholeslami, R., Gholipour Khalili, B. and Zahrai, S. M. (2014), "Optimum cost design of reinforced concrete retaining walls using hybrid firefly algorithm", Int. J. Eng. Technol., 6(6), 465-470. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2014.V6.742.
  39. Talatahari, S. and Sheikholeslami, R. (2014), "Optimum design of gravity and reinforced retaining walls using enhanced charged system search algorithm", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 18(5), 1464-1469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0406-5.
  40. Verrujit, A. and Kooijman, A.P. (1989), "Laterally loaded piles in a layered elastic medium", Geotechnique, 39(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1989.39.1.39.
  41. Wang, C., Yu, T., Curiel-Sosa, J.L., Xie, N. and Bui, T.Q. (2019a) "Adaptive chaotic particle swarm algorithm for isogeometric multi-objective size optimization of FG plates", Struct. Multidisc. Optim., 60(2), 757-778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-019-02238-2.
  42. Wang, C., Yu, T., Shao, G. and Bui, T.Q. (2021), "Multi-objective isogeometric integrated optimization for shape control of piezoelectric functionally graded plates", Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 377, 113698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2021.113698.
  43. Wang, C., Yu, T., Shao, G., Nguyen, T.T. and Bui, T.Q. (2019b), "Shape optimization of structures with cutouts by an efficient approach based on XIGA and chaotic particle swarm optimization", Eur. J. Mech.-A/Solid., 74, 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2018.11.009.
  44. Yepes, V., Alcala, J., Perea, C. and Gonzalez-Vidosa, F. (2008), "A parametric study of optimum earth-retaining walls by simulated annealing", Eng. Struct., 30(3), 821-830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.023.