Animal Bioscience

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of dietary L-glutamine and glutamic acid combination, and whey powder on the performance and nutrient digestion in weaned piglets fed grain-based diets

  • Received : 2020.09.04
  • Accepted : 2021.04.14
  • Published : 2021.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of including L-glutamine along with glutamic acid as a supplement in weaned piglets' diets with and without whey powder. Methods: Two assays were carried out. A total of 40 piglets ([Landrace×Large White]×Pietrain) weaned at 24 days of age with an initial body weight of 6.6±0.6 kg were used in the first assay, and the following parameters were evaluated: growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea, morphometry, intestinal integrity, and hepatic glycogen index. The animals were then blocked into four groups according to different diets: diet all-grain feeding (G); diet all-grain feeding with whey powder (GW); and with vs without 1% supplementation of the commercial product containing L-glutamine and glutamic acid (A or NA). Whey powder was added according to the stage of life, corresponding to 17%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, in order to meet the need for lactose. The animals were evaluated at 24 to 42 days and at 24 to 55 days of age. The nutrient digestibility for the second assay was carried out by using 24 animals with an average weight of 11.49±1.6 kg, and the same diets were tested. Results: The supplementation of L-glutamine + glutamic acid or the addition of whey powder in diets for weaned piglets provided (p<0.05) greater feed intake, greater weight gain and improved feed conversion in the initial period (24 to 42 days age). However, in the whole period (24 to 55 days age) only amino acid supplementation affected (p<0.05) growth performance. There was a positive interaction (p<0.05) between the type of diet and L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation on villus height, crypt depth and the villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum. In addition, L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the crypt depth and improved the villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. The inclusion of whey powder affected (p<0.05) positively the digestibility coefficients analyzed except mineral matter digestibility coeficients. The supplementation of 1% the commercial product composed of L-glutamine and glutamic acid improved (p<0.05) only the digestibility coefficient of crude protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that supplementation of 1% commercial product containing L-glutamine + glutamic acid in diets for piglets from 24 to 55 days of age, dispenses with the use of whey powder when evaluating growth performance. Amino acid supplementation alone or associated with whey powder affects (p<0.05) positively the indicators of the intestinal integrity.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to CNPq for supporting this research and to the study group on Swine and Rabbit at the Federal University of Paraiba, Bananeiras, Brazil.

References

  1. Shan Y, Shan A, Li J, Zhou C. Dietary supplementation of arginine and glutamine enhances the growth and intestinal mucosa development of weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2012;150: 369-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.10.006
  2. Pierce KM, Callan JJ, McCarthy P, O'Doherty JV. Performance of weanling pigs offered low or high lactose diets suplplemented with avilamycin or inulin. Anim Sci 2005;80:313-8. https://doi.org/10.1079/ASC40900313
  3. Van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Puister-Jansen LF, Van Asselt ED, Burgers SLGE. Farm factors associated with the use of antibiotics in pig production. J Anim Sci 2011;89:1922-9. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3046
  4. Lobley GE, Hoskin SO, McNeil CJ. Glutamine in animal science and production. J Nutr 2001;131:2525S-31S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.9.2525S
  5. He J, Feng GD, Ao X, et al. Effects of L-glutamine on growth performance, antioxidant ability, immunity and expression of genes related to intestinal health in weanling pigs. Livest Sci 2016;189:102-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.05.009
  6. Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Donzele JL, et al. Brazilian tables for Poultry and swine: food composition and nutritional requirements, 3th ed. Minas Gerais, Brasil; 2011.
  7. Yoon JH, Ingale SL, Kim JS, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of antimicrobial peptide-A3 on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal and fecal microflora and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012;177:98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.06.009
  8. Terzian ACB, Zuccari DAPC, Pereira RS, et al. Evaluation of caspase-3 and Ki-67 as a prognostic markers in canine mammary tumors. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2007;44:96-102. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2007.26647
  9. Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1995;22:696-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(95)80226-6
  10. Latimer GW; AOAC International. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 19th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA:AOAC International; 2012.
  11. Aldeola O, Lewis AJ, Southern LL. Digestion and balance techniques in pigs. Swine nutrition, 2th ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA; 2001.
  12. Makkink CA, Berntsen PJM, Kamp BML, Kemp B, Verstegen MWA. Gastric protein breakdown and pancreatic enzyme activities in response to two different dietary protein sources in newly weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 1994;72:2843-50. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.72112843x
  13. Lima Junior DM, Monteiro PBS, Rangel AHN, Maciel MV, Oliveira SEO, Freire DA. Fatores anti-nutricionais para ruminantes. Acta Vet Bras 2010;4:132-43. https://doi.org/10.21708/avb.2010.4.3.1818
  14. Molino JP, Donzele JL, Oliveira RFM, et al. L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with different lactose levels for piglets weaned at 21 days of age. R Bras Zootec 2012;41:98-105. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000100015
  15. Janeczko MJ, Stoll B, Chang X, Guan X, Burrin DG. Extensive gut metabolism limits the intestinal absorption of excessive supplemental dietary glutamate loads in infant pigs. J Nutr 2007;137:2384-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.11.2384
  16. Cabrera RA, Usry JL, Arrellano C, et al. Effects of creep feeding and supplemental glutamine or glutamine plus glutamate (AminoGut) on pre- and post- weaning growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013;4:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-29
  17. Johnson JS, Lay Jr. DC. Evaluating the behavior, growth performance, immune parameters, and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets after simulated transport and heat stress when antibiotics are eliminated from the diet or replaced with L-glutamine. J Anim Sci 2017;95:91-102. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.1070
  18. Rodrigues ND, Bridi AM, Nogueira E, et al. Supplementation of diets for weaned piglets withL-Valine and L-Glutamine+L-Glutamic acid. B Industr Anim 2015;72:251-60. https://doi.org/10.17523/bia.v72n3p251
  19. Campbell JM, Crenshaw JD, Polo J. The biological stress of early weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013;4:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-19
  20. Lima GJMM, Mores N, Sanches RL. As diarreias nutricionais na suinocultura. Acta Sci Vet 2009;37(Suppl 1):17-30.
  21. Teixeira AO, Nogueira ET, Kutschenko M, Rostagno HS, Lopes DC. Inclusion of glutamine associated with glutamic acid in the diet of piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Rev Bras Saude Prod Anim 2014;15:881-96. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402014000400013
  22. Lalles JP, Bosi P, Smidt H, Stokes CR. Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning. Proc Nutr Soc 2007;66:260-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665107005484
  23. Lin M, Zhang B, Yu C, et al. L-Glutamate supplementation improves small intestinal architecture and enhances the expressions of jejunal mucosa amino acid receptors and transporters in weaning piglets. Plos One 2014;9:e111950. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111950
  24. Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, et al. Triennial Growth Symposium: Important roles for L-glutamine in swine nutrition and production. J Anim Sci 2011;89:2017-30. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3614
  25. Hao W, Chen Z, Guoyao W, et al. glutamine enhances tight junction protein expression and modulates corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in the jejunum of weanling piglets. J Nutr 2015;145:25-31. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.202515
  26. Amorim AB, Berto DA, Saleh MAD, Miassi GM, Ducatti C. Dietary glutamine, glutamic acid and nucleotides increase the carbon turnover (δ 13C) on the intestinal mucosa of weaned piglets. Animal 2017;11:1472-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117000192
  27. Mendonca RZ, Arronzio SJ, Antoniazzi MM, et al. Metabolic active-high density VERO cell cultures on microcarriers following apoptosis prevention by galactose/glutamine feeding. J Biotechnol 2002;97:13-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(02)00048-2
  28. Li Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, et al. Protective effect of glutamine-enriched early enteral nutrition on intestinal mucosal barrier injury after liver transplantation in rats. Am J Surg 2010;199: 35-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.11.039
  29. Rhoads JM, Argenzio RA, Chen W, et al. L-glutamine stimulates intestinal cell proliferation and activates mitogen-activated protein kinases. Am J Physiol 1997;272:G943-53. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.5.G943
  30. Biolo G, Zorat F, Antonione R, Ciocchi B. Muscle glutamine depletion in the intensive care unit. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:2169-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2005.05.001
  31. Barbosa FF, Ferreira AS, Gattas G, et al. Spray dry blood plasma levels in diets for piglets weaned at 21 days of age. R Bras Zootec 2007;36:1052-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007000500010
  32. Bertol TM, Santos Filho JI, Ludke JV. Dietary lactose levels for weaning pigs. Rev Bras Zootec 2000;29:1387-93. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982000000500017
  33. Mahan DC. Efficacy of dried whey and its lactalbumin and lactose components at two dietary lysine levels on postweaning pig performance and nitrogen balance. J Anim Sci 1992;70:2182-7. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.7072182x
  34. Pond WG, Mersmann HJ. Differential compensatory growth in swine following control of feed intake by a high-alfalfa diet fed ad libitum or by limited feed. J Anim Sci 1990;68:352-62. https://doi.org/10.2527/1990.682352x
  35. Lovatto PA, Sauvant D, Noblet J. Dubois S, van Milgen J. Effects of feed restriction and subsequent refeeding on energy utilization in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2006;84:3329-36. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-048
  36. Watford M, Kutschenko M, Nogueira ET. Optimal dietary glutamine for growth and development. Rev Bras Zootec 2011;40:402-8 (suppl. especial).