Animal Bioscience

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of additives and filling methods on whole plant corn silage quality, fermentation characteristics and in situ digestibility

  • Jiao, Ting (College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University) ;
  • Lei, Zhaomin (College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University) ;
  • Wu, Jianping (College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University) ;
  • Li, Fei (College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University) ;
  • Casper, David P. (Casper's Calf Ranch) ;
  • Wang, Jianfu (College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University) ;
  • Jiao, Jianxin (College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2020.11.26
  • Accepted : 2021.02.27
  • Published : 2021.11.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: This project aimed to evaluate the effects of both different additives and filling methods on nutritive quality, fermentation profile, and in situ digestibility of whole plant corn silage. Methods: Whole plant corn forage harvested at 26.72% dry matter (DM) was chopped and treated with two filling methods, i) fill silos at one time (F1), ii) fill silos at three times (F3), packing samples into one/three silo capacity at the first day, another one/three capacity at the second day, then one/three at the third day, three replicates. For each replicate, samples were treated with three additives, i) control (CTRL, no additive), ii) Sila-Max (MAX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., Marshall, MN, USA), and iii) Sila-Mix (MIX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., USA). With three replicates of each secondary treatment, there were nine silos, 54 silos in total. Each silo had a packing density of 137.61 kg of DM/m3. All silos were weighed and stored in lab at ambient temperature. Results: After 60 d of ensiling, all items showed good silage fermentation under MAX filled one time or three times (p<0.01). Higher silage quality for all additives was obtained at filling one time than that filled three times (p<0.01). The highest DM and lowest DM loss rate (DMLR) occurred to MAX treatment at two filling methods (p<0.01); Digestibility of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and curde protein had the same results as silage quality (p<0.01). Yield of digestible DM and digestible NDF also showed higher value under MAX especially for filling one time (p<0.05). Conclusion: All corn silages showed good fermentation attributes (pH<4.0). The forage filled one time had higher silage quality than that filled three times (p<0.01). MAX with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria enhanced the lactic acid fermentation, silage quality and nutrient digestibility, and so improved the digestible nutrient yield.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China, and the Director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station for financial support of this research project. The authors also express their appreciation to the farm crew and personnel at the Lintao Dairy and Animal Research Farm for the care of the animals. We greatly appreciate Ting Liu, Shuru Cheng, Shengguo Zhao, Jianyong Liang and Xiongxiong Li for their assistance with sample collection and analysis. The authors gratefully acknowledge Ralco, Inc., Marshall, MN, for providing the additives Max and MIX used in this research.

References

  1. Zhang FW, Song XF, Zhang XK, Zhang FY, Wei WC, Dai F. Simulation and experiment on mechanical characteristics of kneading and crushing process of corn straw. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering; 2019;35:58-65.
  2. Wang DF, Buckmaster DR, Jiang Y, Hua JJ. Experimental study on baling rice straw silage. Int J Agric Biol Eng 2011;4:20-5.
  3. Lan XL, Guo YM, He JL. Research review on the technology of stalk utilization in China. Anhui Agric Sci Bulletin 2013;19:103-4.
  4. Hu YQ, He YY, Gao S, et al. The effect of a diet based on rice straw co-fermented with probiotics and enzymes versus a fresh corn Stover-based diet on the rumen bacterial community and metabolites of beef cattle. Sci Rep 2020;10:10721. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67716-w
  5. Kung L, Taylor CC, Lynch MP, Neylon JM. The effect of treating alfalfa with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2003;86:336-43. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73611-X
  6. Kleinschmit DH, Kung L. The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus R1094 on the fermentation of corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2006;89:3999-4004. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72443-2
  7. Savage RM, Windle MC, Johannismeier SD, Kung Jr L. The effects of strains of yeasts or Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation, production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerobic stability of corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2014;97:537-8. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7376
  8. Nishino N, Wang C, Li, Y, Parvin S, Kan K. Occurrence and survival in whole crop corn silage of Acetobacter pasteurianus. In: Proceedings of XVth International Silage Conference. Dairy Forage Research Center; USDA-ARS: Madison, WI, USA; 2009. p. 165-6.
  9. Auerbach H, Weiss K, Nadeau E. Benefits of using silage additives. In: Auerbach H, Luckstadt C, Weissbach F, editors. Proceedings of 1st International Silage Summit, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. Worthington, UK: Anytime Publishing Services; 2010. pp. 75-144.
  10. Wang JF, Lei ZM, Cheng SR, et al. Effects of lactic acid bacteria preparation and bran on corn silage quality. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018;27:162-9.
  11. Nishino N, Uchida S. Laboratory evaluation of previously fermented juice as a fermentation stimulant for lucerne silage. J Sci Food Agric 1999;79:1285-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(19990715)79:10<1285::AID-JSFA362>3.0.CO;2-M
  12. Broderick GA, Kang JH. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J Dairy Sci 1980;63:64-75. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8
  13. Latimer GW; AOAC International. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 19th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC International; 2012.
  14. Harazim J, Pavelek P. Determination of crude protein and amino acids degradability by method in sacco in the rumen. In: Proceeding of international meeting "Expert Seminar on Determination of Nutrients for Ruminants". Opava, Czech Republic: In Czech; 1999. pp. 41-6.
  15. Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey D. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. New York, USA: Mcgraw-Hill; 1980.
  16. Yuan XJ, Guo G, Wen AY, Desta ST, Wang J. The effect of different additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of a total mixed ration silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015;207:41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.001
  17. Woolford MK. The silage fermentation. NY, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1984.
  18. Muck RE, Kung Jr L. Effects of silage additives on ensiling. In: Silage: Field to feedbunk. Ithaca, NY, USA: Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service (NRAES); 1997. pp. 187-99.
  19. Wang B, Wu JP, Yang L, et al. Effects of Sila-Max and SilaMIX II on fermentation efficient of whole plant corn silage. Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Symposium on Animal Genetics and Breeding; 2011. 579 p.
  20. Zhang L,Yu CQ, Shimojo M, Shao T. Effect of different rates of ethanol additive on fermentation quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum). Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2011;24:636-42. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10416
  21. Porter MG, Murray RS. The volatility of components of grass silage on oven drying and the inter-relationship between dry-matter content estimated by different analytical methods. Grass Forage Sci 2001;56:405-11. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2001.00292.x
  22. Queiroz OCM, Arriola KG, Daniel JLP, Adesogan AT. Effects of 8 chemical and bacterial additives on the quality of corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2013;96:5836-43. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6691
  23. Weinberg ZG, Shatz O, Chen Y, et al. Effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on in vitro digestibility of wheat and corn silages. J Dairy Sci 2007;90:4754-62. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0176
  24. Broderick GA. Desirable characteristics of forage legumes for improving protein utilization in ruminants. J Anim Sci 1995;73:2760-73. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7392760x
  25. Kung L, Stokes MR, Lin CJ. Silage additives. In: Buxton DR, Muck RE, Harrison, editors. Silage science and technology. Agronomy Monographs Vol 42. Madison, WI, USA: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA; 2003. pp. 305-60.
  26. Ruxton IB, Clark BJ, Macdonald P. A review on the effects of oxygen on ensilage. Grass Forage Sci 1975;30:23-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1975.tb01350.x
  27. Mills JA, Kung L Jr. The effect of delayed ensiling and application of a propionic acid-based additive on the fermentation of barley silage. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:1969-75. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74273-2
  28. McDonald P, Henderson AR, Heron SJE. The biochemistry of silage. 2nd ed. Bucksbum, England: Chalcombe Puplications; 1991.
  29. Yakushi T, Matsushita K. Alcohol dehydrogenase of acetic acid bacteria: structure, mode of action, and applications in biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010;86:1257-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2529-z
  30. McEniry J, O'Kiely P, Clipson NJW, Forristal PD, Doyle EM. The relative impacts of wilting, chopping, compaction and air infiltration on the conservation characteristics of ensiled grass. Grass Forage Sci 2007;62:470-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2007.00602.x