Phonetics and Speech Sciences (말소리와 음성과학)

Korean Society of Speech Sciences (한국음성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of speech motor practice and linguistic complexity on articulation rate in adults who stutter

말운동 연습과 언어적 복잡성이 말더듬 성인의 조음속도에 미치는 영향

  • Chon, HeeCheong (Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Chosun University) ;
  • Loucks, Torrey M. (Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Alberta)
  • 전희정 (조선대학교 언어치료학과) ;
  • Received : 2021.08.14
  • Accepted : 2021.09.07
  • Published : 2021.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate speech motor control in adults who stutter (AWS) by testing whether articulation rate changes with practice and linguistic complexity. Eleven AWS and 11 adults who do not stutter (AWNS) repeated four sentences of different lengths and syntactic complexity [simple-short (SS), simple-long (SL), complex-long (CL), and faulty-long (FL) sentences]. Overall articulation rates of each sentence were measured and compared between groups. Practice effects were evaluated by comparing the articulation rates of the first three, middle four, and last three productions. Overall, the AWS had significantly slower articulation rates than AWNS across the four sentences. The longer sentences showed significantly slower articulation rates than the baseline sentence (SS). The articulation rates of the middle four and the last three productions were significantly faster than those of the first three productions of each sentence in both groups. The articulation rates of the SS, SL, and CL sentences indicated a consistent practice effect. The slower articulation rates of the AWS are consistent with a speech motor limitation. There was no interaction with linguistic complexity or practice, so a slower articulation rate may be a general feature of the speech of AWS. Both AWS and AWNS showed practice effects with faster articulation rates which may reflect a degree of adaptation to the stimuli.

본 연구는 조음속도를 사용하여 말더듬 성인과 일반 성인의 말운동 특성과 운동기술 학습 능력을 비교하고, 언어적 복잡성이 조음속도에 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 연구 참여자는 말더듬 성인 11명, 일반 성인 11명이었다. 각 참여자는 길이와 구문적 복잡성이 다른 4개의 문장(짧고 단순한 문장, 길고 단순한 문장, 길고 복잡한 문장, 길고 구문적 오류가 있는 문장)을 반복해서 산출하였으며, 문장별로 전체 조음속도 및 문장산출 순서에 따른 조음속도를 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 언어적 복잡성과 상관없이 말더듬 성인은 일반 성인보다 전체 조음속도가 유의하게 느린 것으로 나타났다. 또한 긴 문장들이 짧고 단순한 문장보다 조음속도가 유의하게 느린 것으로 나타났다. 문장산출 순서에 따른 조음속도 비교 결과, 두 집단은 모든 문장에서 중간 4개 문장과 마지막 3개 문장의 조음속도가 첫 3개 문장의 조음속도보다 유의하게 빠른 모습을 보였다. 길고 구문적 오류가 있는 문장은 중간 4개 문장의 조음속도보다 마지막 3개 문장의 조음속도가 유의하게 빨라 지속적인 연습효과를 보인 반면, 다른 세 개의 문장들은 중간 4개 문장의 조음속도와 마지막 3개 문장의 조음속도에 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 말더듬 성인이 일반 성인보다 상대적으로 미숙한 말운동통제 능력을 보이는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 문장의 길이와 구문적 복잡성이 조음속도에 영향을 미치는 요인임을 확인하였다. 또한 말더듬 성인과 일반 성인은 문장을 반복적으로 산출하며 조음속도가 빨라지는 연습효과를 보였으며, 연습효과가 나타나는 패턴은 두 집단이 비슷하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders의 연구비(# R01-DC05210, Ehud Yairi, original PI; Nicoline G. Ambrose, second PI; Torrey M. Loucks, Co-PI)와 University of Illinois Research Board의 연구비(Torrey M. Loucks, PI) 지원을 받았음.

References

  1. Ahn, J. B., Shin, M. S., & Kwon, D. H. (2002). The study of speech rate in normal-speaking adults and children. Speech Sciences, 9(4), 93-103.
  2. Amir, O., & Grinfeld, D. (2011). Articulation rate in childhood and adolescence: Hebrew speakers. Language and Speech, 54(2), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830910397496
  3. Andrews, G., Howie, P. M., Dozsa, M., & Guitar, B. E. (1982). Stuttering: Speech pattern characteristics under fluency-inducing conditions. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2502.208
  4. Bauerly, K. R., & De Nil, L. F. (2011). Speech sequence skill learning in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(4), 349-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.05.002
  5. Bauerly, K. R., Jones, R. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Effects of social stress on autonomic, behavioral, and acoustic parameters in adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(7), 2185-2202. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0241
  6. Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2021). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (version 6.1.42) [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.praat.org/
  7. Buhr, A. P., & Zebrowski, P. M. (2009). Sentence position and syntactic complexity of stuttering in early childhood: A longitudinal study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(3), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.08.001
  8. Chon, H., Kraft, S. J., Zhang, J., Loucks, T., & Ambrose, N. G. (2013). Individual variability in delayed auditory feedback effects on speech fluency and rate in normally fluent adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56(2), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0303)
  9. Chon, H., & Lee, S. B. (2016). Effects of stuttering severity on articulation rate in fluent and dysfluent utterances of preschool children who stutter. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 8(3), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2016.8.3.079
  10. Chon, H., & Lee, S. B. (2019). Characteristics of speech rates and utterance lengths in fluent and disfluent utterances of adults who stutter. Audiology and Speech Research, 15(3), 214-222. https://doi.org/10.21848/asr.2019.15.3.214
  11. Chon, H., Sawyer, J., & Ambrose, N. G. (2012). Differences of articulation rate and utterance length in fluent and disfluent utterances of preschool children who stutter. Journal of Communi- cation Disorders, 45(6), 455-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.08.003
  12. Darling-White, M., & Banks, S. W. (2021). Speech rate varies with sentence length in typically developing children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(6S), 2385-2391. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00276
  13. de Andrade, C. R. F., Cervone, L. M., & Sassi, F. C. (2003). Relationship between the stuttering severity index and speech rate. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 121(2), 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-31802003000200010
  14. Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Peabody picture vocabulary test-third edition (PPVT-III). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
  15. Goberman, A. M., Hughes, S., & Haydock, T. (2011). Acoustic characteristics of public speaking: Anxiety and practice effects. Speech Communication, 53(6), 867-876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2011.02.005
  16. Hall, K. D., Amir, O., & Yairi, E. (1999). A longitudinal investigation of speaking rate in preschool children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42(6), 1367-1377. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1367
  17. Howell, P., Au-Yeung, J., & Pilgrim, L. (1999). Utterance rate and linguistic properties as determinants of lexical dysfluencies in children who stutter. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(1), 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.424585
  18. Jacewicz, E., Fox, R. A., O'Neill, C., & Salmons, J. (2009). Articulation rate across dialect, age, and gender. Language Variation and Change, 21(2), 233-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394509990093
  19. Jacewicz, E., Fox, R. A., & Wei, L. (2010). Between-speaker and within-speaker variation in speech tempo of American English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128(2), 839-850. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3459842
  20. Kleinow, J., & Smith, A. (2000). Influences of length and syntactic complexity on the speech motor stability of the fluent speech of adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43(2), 548-559. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4302.548
  21. Kloth, S. A. M., Janssen, P., Kraaimaat, F. W., & Brutten, G. J. (1995). Speech-motor and linguistic skills of young stutterers prior to onset. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 20(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(94)00022-L
  22. Lee, S., & Sim, H. (2015). A longitudinal study of utterance length in morphemes as a predictor of treatment outcome in early childhood stuttering. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 20(2), 189-201. https://doi.org/10.12963/csd.15245
  23. Logan, K. J., Byrd, C. T., Mazzocchi, E. M., & Gillam, R. B. (2011). Speaking rate characteristics of elementary-school-aged children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 44(1), 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.08.001
  24. Maner, K. J., Smith, A., & Grayson, L. (2000). Influences of utterance length and complexity on speech motor performance in children and adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43(2), 560-573. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4302.560
  25. Manning, W. H. (2010). Clinical decision making in fluency disorders (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
  26. Meyers, S. C., & Freeman, F. J. (1985). Interruptions as a variable in stuttering and disfluency. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28(3), 428-435. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2803.435
  27. Park, J., & Kwon, D. (2010). According to the severity of stuttering adults of speed rate characteristics comparison study. Journal of Special Education: Theory and Practice, 11(1), 129-146.
  28. Park, J., Oh, S., Jun, J. P., & Kang, J. S. (2015). Effects of background noises on speech-related variables of adults who stutter. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 7(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2015.7.1.027
  29. Postma, A., & Kolk, H. (1993). The covert repair hypothesis: Prearticulatory repair processes in normal and stuttered disfluencies. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36(3), 472-487. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3603.472
  30. Quene, H. (2008). Multilevel modeling of between-speaker and within-speaker variation in spontaneous speech tempo. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(2), 1104-1113. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2821762
  31. Sadagopan, N., & Smith, A. (2008). Developmental changes in the effects of utterance length and complexity on speech movement variability. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(5), 1138-1151. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/06-0222)
  32. Sasisekaran, J. (2012). Effects of delayed auditory feedback on speech kinematics in fluent speakers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 15(3), 845-864. https://doi.org/10.2466/15.22.PMS.115.6.845-864
  33. Sasisekaran, J., & Weisberg, S. (2014). Practice and retention of nonwords in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 41, 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.02.004
  34. Smith, A., & Kelly, E. (1997). Stuttering: A dynamic, multifactorial model. In R. Curlee & G. Siegel (Eds.), Nature and treatment of stuttering: New directions (2nd ed., pp. 204-217). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  35. Smith, A., Sadagopan, N., Walsh, B., & Weber-Fox, C. (2010). Increasing phonological complexity reveals heightened instability in inter-articulatory coordination in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 35(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.12.001
  36. Smith, A., & Weber, C. (2017). How stuttering develops: The multifactorial dynamic pathways theory. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(9), 2483-2505. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0343
  37. Smits-Bandstra, S., De Nil, L. F., & Saint-Cyr, J. A. (2006). Speech and nonspeech sequence skill learning in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31(2), 116-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2006.04.003
  38. Usler, E., Smith, A., & Weber, C. (2017). A lag in speech motor coordination during sentence production is associated with stuttering persistence in young children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-15-0367
  39. Usler, E. R., & Walsh, B. (2018). The effects of syntactic complexity and sentence length on the speech motor control of school-age children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(9), 2157-2167. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0435
  40. Williams, K. T. (1997). Expressive vocabulary test (EVT). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
  41. Wingate, M. E. (1964). A standard definition of stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 29(4), 484-489. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.2904.484
  42. Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (2005). Early childhood stuttering: For clinicians by clinicians. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
  43. Zebrowski, P. M. (1995). Stuttering. In J. B. Tomblin, H. L. Morris, & D. C. Spriestersbach (Eds.), Diagnosis in speech-language pathology (pp. 215-244). San Diego, CA: Singular.