Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank all patients who participated to the study and Mr. Ali Karami for his contribution to collect data.
References
- Meresh E, Piletz J, Halaris A. Noncardiac chest pain: systematic review of the literature on prognosis. Res Rep Clin Cardiol 2018; 9: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRCC.S155441
- Schroeder S, Achenbach S, Korber S, Nowy K, de Zwaan M, Martin A. Cognitive-perceptual factors in noncardiac chest pain and cardiac chest pain. Psychosom Med 2012; 74: 861-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826ae4ae
- Mourad G, Alwin J, Stromberg A, Jaarsma T. Societal costs of non-cardiac chest pain compared with ischemic heart disease--a longitudinal study. BMC Health Serv Res 2013; 13: 403. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-403
- Castonguay J, Turcotte S, Fleet RP, Archambault PM, Dionne CE, Denis I, et al. Physical activity and disability in patients with noncardiac chest pain: a longitudinal cohort study. Biopsychosoc Med 2020; 14: 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-020-00185-9
- Mourad G, Alwin J, Jaarsma T, Stromberg A, Johansson P. The associations between psychological distress and healthrelated quality of life in patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18: 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01297-0
- Israel JI, White KS, Gervino EV. Illness perceptions, negative emotions, and pain in patients with noncardiac chest pain. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2015; 22: 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-015-9419-6
- Kuijpers PM, Denollet J, Wellens HJ, Crijns HM, Honig A. Noncardiac chest pain in the emergency department: the role of cardiac history, anxiety or depression and Type D personality. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14: 273-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e32801da0fc
- Malhi GS, Mann JJ. Depression. Lancet 2018; 392: 2299-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31948-2
- Lee HJ, Choi EJ, Nahm FS, Yoon IY, Lee PB. Prevalence of unrecognized depression in patients with chronic pain without a history of psychiatric diseases. Korean J Pain 2018; 31: 116-24. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2018.31.2.116
- Blackburn-Munro G, Blackburn-Munro RE. Chronic pain, chronic stress and depression: coincidence or consequence? J Neuroendocrinol 2001; 13: 1009-23. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0007-1331.2001.00727.x
- Bair MJ, Robinson RL, Katon W, Kroenke K. Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 2433-45. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.20.2433
- Mendelsohn C. Smoking and depression--a review. Aust Fam Physician 2012; 41: 304-7.
- Roshanaei-Moghaddam B, Katon WJ, Russo J. The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009; 31: 306-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.002
- Sivertsen B, Lallukka T, Petrie KJ, Steingrimsdottir OA, Stubhaug A, Nielsen CS. Sleep and pain sensitivity in adults. Pain 2015; 156: 1433-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000131
- Otto MW, Dougher MJ, Yeo RA. Depression, pain, and hemispheric activation. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177: 210-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198904000-00004
- Stafford L, Berk M, Jackson HJ. Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to screen for depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007; 29: 417-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.06.005
- Zhang YL, Liang W, Chen ZM, Zhang HM, Zhang JH, Weng XQ, et al. Validity and reliability of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 to screen for depression among college students in China. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2013; 5: 268-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12103
- Dadfar M, Kalibatseva Z, Lester D. Reliability and validity of the Farsi version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) with Iranian psychiatric outpatients. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2018; 40: 144-51. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0116
- Roohafza H, Feizi A, Gharipour M, Khani A, Dianatkhah M, Sarrafzadegan N, et al. Development and validation of a socioeconomic status short-form questionnaire (SES-SQ). ARYA Atheroscler 2021; 17: 2355.
- Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 1987; 30: 191-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)91074-8
- Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1975; 1: 277-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5
- Adelmanesh F, Arvantaj A, Rashki H, Ketabchi S, Montazeri A, Raissi G. Results from the translation and adaptation of the Iranian Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (I-SF-MPQ): preliminary evidence of its reliability, construct validity and sensitivity in an Iranian pain population. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2011; 3: 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-2
- Denollet J. DS14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality. Psychosom Med 2005; 67: 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000149256.81953.49
- Bagherian R, Bahrami Ehsan H. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Type D personality scale (DS14). Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci 2011; 5: 12-7.
- Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med 2002; 64: 258-66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
- Dadfar M, Asgharnejadfarid AA, Hosseini AF, Esfahani MN, Lester D, Kalibatseva Z. Measuring somatic symptoms with the PHQ-15: a comparative study of three Iranian samples. Ment Health Relig Cult 2020; 23: 289-301.
- Eifert GH, Thompson RN, Zvolensky MJ, Edwards K, Frazer NL, Haddad JW, et al. The Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire: development and preliminary validity. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38: 1039-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00132-1
- Raiesdana N, Kamali E, Soleimani M, Mir Mohammad khani M. Assessment of situational and heart focused anxiety in patients with coronary artery disease before angiography. Koomesh 2017; 19: 199-206.
- Mourad G, Stromberg A, Johansson P, Jaarsma T. Depressive symptoms, cardiac anxiety, and fear of body sensations in patients with non-cardiac chest pain, and their relation to healthcare-seeking behavior: a cross-sectional study. Patient 2016; 9: 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-015-0125-0
- Dean J, Keshavan M. The neurobiology of depression: an integrated view. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 27: 101-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025
- Boone D, Kim SY. Family strain, depression, and somatic amplification in adults with chronic pain. Int J Behav Med 2019; 26: 427-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09799-y
- Lipowski ZJ. Somatization and depression. Psychosomatics 1990; 31: 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(90)72212-8
- Michal M, Wiltink J, Grande G, Beutel ME, Brahler E. Type D personality is independently associated with major psychosocial stressors and increased health care utilization in the general population. J Affect Disord 2011; 134: 396-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.033
- de Vroege L, de Heer EW, van der Thiel E, van den Broek KC, van Eck van der Sluijs JF, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM. Type D personality, concomitant depressive and anxiety disorders, and treatment outcomes in somatic symptom and related disorders: an observational longitudinal cohort study. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10: 417. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00417
- Sher L. Type D personality: the heart, stress, and cortisol. QJM 2005; 98: 323-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hci064
- Zhang JM, An J. Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2007; 45: 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e
- Lankhorst MA. Smoking and chronic pain. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2016; 30: 326-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15360288.2016.1231737
- Cuellar NG, Ratcliffe SJ, Chien D. Effects of depression on sleep quality, fatigue, and sleepiness in persons with restless legs syndrome. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2006; 12: 262-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390306295070