Smart Structures and Systems

  • 제28권3호
  • /
  • Pages.319-332
  • /
  • 2021
  • /
  • 1738-1584(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1738-1991(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Finite element simulation and frequency optimization for wireless signal transmission through RC structures

  • Shi, Jingkang (Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University) ;
  • Wang, Fei (Shanghai Institute of Disaster Prevention and Relief, Tongji University) ;
  • Zhang, Dongming (Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University) ;
  • Huang, Hongwei (Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University)
  • 투고 : 2020.07.02
  • 심사 : 2021.03.31
  • 발행 : 2021.09.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The enclosed civil structures pose a challenging environment for wireless communication between sensor nodes. Wireless electromagnetic (EM) signal attenuates significantly when transmitting through reinforced concrete structures. This paper simulates the signal attenuation for plain concrete, pure steel rebar lattice and reinforced concrete using finite element method (FEM) in Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Jonscher model is found to be a better concrete dielectric model than Debye model from the attenuation test results. FEM simulation for signal attenuation of reinforced concrete (RC) slab is validated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation and test results from literature. Optimal frequency to minimize the signal attenuation through RC structure is in the range of 0.35 GHz ~ 0.5 GHz. Resonance occurs at t / (λc/4) = 2n and t / (λc/4) = 2n + 1, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ⋯ for low concrete volumetric water content (VWC). Signal attenuation is highly linear with slab thickness t for high concrete VWC. 433 MHz is suggested for real application of wireless sensor network considering the antenna size and optimization results. FEM simulation is validated by the experiment using intact wireless sensor nodes.

키워드

과제정보

This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC0704800), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978530, 52022070), Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (18DZ1201200).

참고문헌

  1. Akyildiz, I.F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y. and Cayirci, E. (2002), "Wireless sensor networks: a survey", Comput. Netw., 38(4), 393-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1286(01)00302-4
  2. Benatia, M.A., Louis, A., Baudry, D., Mazari, B. and El-Hami, A. (2014), "Impact of Radio Propagation in Buildings on WSN's Lifetime", Proceedings of Global Summit on Computer and Information Technology (GSCIT), New York, June.
  3. Bennett, P.J., Soga, K., Wassell, I., Fidler, P., Abe, K., Kobayashi, Y. and Vanicek, M. (2010), "Wireless sensor networks for underground railway applications: case studies in Prague and London", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 6(5-6), 619-639. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2010.6.5_6.619
  4. Biaz, S., Yiming, J., Bing, Q. and Shaoen, W. (2005), "Dynamic signal strength estimates for indoor wireless communications", Proceedings of International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Wuhan, China, September, pp. 602-605. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNM.2005.1544117
  5. Bourdi, T., Rhazi, J.E., Boone, F. and Ballivy, G. (2008), "Application of Jonscher model for the characterization of the dielectric permittivity of concrete", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 41(20), 205410. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/20/205410
  6. Cendes, Z. (2016), "The development of HFSS", In: 2016 USNCURSI Radio Science Meeting, Fajardo, PR, USA, June, pp. 39-40. https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI.2016.7588501
  7. Ceylan, H., Gopalakrishnan, K., Kim, S., Taylor, P.C., Prokudin, M. and Buss, A.F. (2013), "Highway Infrastructure Health Monitoring Using Micro-Electromechanical Sensors And Systems (Mems)", J. Civil Eng. Manage., 19(S), S188-S201. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801894
  8. Chung, K.L., Yuan, L., Ji, S.T., Sun, L., Qu, C.P. and Zhang, C.W. (2017), "Dielectric characterization of Chinese standard concrete for compressive strength evaluation", Appl. Sci.-Basel, 7(2), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7020177
  9. Corr, D.G. (1967), "Solution of a periodic boundary-value problem by direct application of Floquet's theorem", Electron. Lett., 3(11), 483-485. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19670382
  10. Dalke, R.A., Holloway, C.L., McKenna, P., Johansson, M. and Ali, A.S. (2000), "Effects of reinforced concrete structures on RF communications", IEEE Transact. Electromag. Compatib., 42(4), 486-496. https://doi.org/10.1109/15.902318
  11. Dehmollaian, M. and Sarabandi, K. (2008), "An approximate solution of scattering from reinforced concrete walls", IEEE Transact. Antennas Propag., 56(8), 2681-2690. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2008.927534
  12. Deng, Y.J., Zhou, Z.X., Zhao, Z.D., Luo, Y., Yi, X.M., Li, J., Hui, G.H., Gao, Y.Y. and Shi, D.S. (2019), "Simulation Study on ASCMP Protocol in Utility Tunnel WSN", IEEE Access, 7, 168141-168150. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2954182
  13. Flanigan, K.A., Johnson, N.R., Hou, R., Ettouney, M. and Lynch, J.P. (2017), "Utilization of Wireless Structural Health Monitoring as Decision Making Tools for a Condition and Reliability-Based Assessment of Railroad Bridges", Proceedings of Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2017, Portland, OR, USA, March. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2262933
  14. Georgakopoulos, S.V. and Shan, J. (2010), "Wireless powering of sensors embedded in concrete", Proceedings of 2010 IEEE 11th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON), Melbourne, FL, USA, April, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/WAMICON.2010.5461866
  15. Haque, M.E., Zain, M.F.M., Hannan, M.A. and Rahman, M.H. (2015), "Building structural health monitoring using dense and sparse topology wireless sensor network", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 16(4), 607-621. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2015.16.4.607
  16. Huang, H.W., Xie, X., Zhang, D.M., Liu, Z.Q. and Lacasse, S. (2019), "Multi-sensor data fusion based assessment on shield tunnel safety", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 24(6), 693-707. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.6.693
  17. Jiang, S. (2011), "Optimum wireless power transmission for sensors embedded in concrete", Ph.D. Dissertation; Florida International University, MI, USA.
  18. Jiang, S. and Georgakopoulos, S.V. (2011), "Optimum wireless power transmission from air to lossy media", WAMICON 2011 Conference Proceedings, Clearwater Beach, FL, USA, April. https://doi.org/10.1109/WAMICON.2011.5872881
  19. Jiang, S., Georgakopoulos, S.V. and Jin, H. (2012), "Effects of periodic reinforced-concrete structures on power transmission", Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID), Orlando, FL, USA, April. https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.6193046
  20. Jo, B.W., Park, J.H. and Yoon, K.W. (2013a), "The Experimental Study on Concrete Permeability of Wireless Communication Module Embedded in Reinforced Concrete Structures", Int. J. Distrib. Sensor Networks, 9(6), 520507. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/520507
  21. Jo, H., Park, J.W., Spencer, B.F. and Jung, H.J. (2013b), "Develoment of high-sensitivity wireless strain sensor for structural health monitoring", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 11(5), 477-496. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2013.11.5.477
  22. Li, X., Ji, Z., Zhu, H. and Gu, C. (2012), "A feasibility study of the measuring accuracy and capability of wireless sensor networks in tunnel monitoring", Front. Struct. Civil Eng., 6(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-012-0150-1
  23. Lin, C., Kuo, L. and Chuang, H. (2006), "A horizontally polarized omnidirectional printed antenna for WLAN applications", IEEE Transact. Antennas Propag., 54(11), 3551-3556. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2006.884307
  24. Linderman, L.E., Rice, J.A., Barot, S., Spencer, B.F. and Bernhard, J.T. (2010), "Characterization of wireless smart sensor performance", J. Eng. Mech., 136(12), 1435-1443. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000187
  25. Liu, R.S., Wu, Y., Wassell, I. and Soga, K. (2009), "Frequency diversity measurements at 2.4 GHz for wireless sensor networks deployed in tunnels", Proceedings of 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Tokyo, Japan, September. https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2009.5449796
  26. Liu, R.S., Wassell, I.J. and Soga, K. (2010), "Relay node placement for wireless sensor networks deployed in tunnels", Proceedings of 2010 IEEE 6th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada, October. https://doi.org/10.1109/WIMOB.2010.5644984
  27. Lott, M. and Forkel, I. (2001), "A multi-wall-and-floor model for indoor radio propagation", IEEE VTS 53rd Vehicular Technology Conference, Rhodes, May.
  28. Luo, K., Ge, S., Zhang, L., Liu, H. and Xing, J. (2019), "Simulation Analysis of Ansys HFSS and CST Microwave Studio for Frequency Selective Surface", Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), Guangzhou, China, May. https://doi.org/10.1109/VETECS.2001.944886
  29. Lynch, J.P. (2007), "An overview of wireless structural health monitoring for civil structures", Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 365(1851), 345-372. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1932
  30. Micheli, D., Delfini, A., Santoni, F., Volpini, F. and Marchetti, M. (2015), "Measurement of electromagnetic field attenuation by building walls in the mobile phone and satellite navigation frequency bands", IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., 14, 698-702. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2014.2376811
  31. Nagayama, T., Sim, S.H., Miyamori, Y. and Spencer, B.F. (2007), "Issues in structural health monitoring employing smart sensors", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 3(3), 299-320. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2007.3.3.299
  32. Nagayama, T., Spencer, B.F. and Rice, J.A. (2009), "Autonomous decentralized structural health monitoring using smart sensors", Struct. Control Health Monitor., 16(7-8), 842-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.352
  33. Ou, J., Li, H. and Yu, Y. (2004), "Development and performance of wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring", Proceedings of SPIE 5391, Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, San Diego, CA, USA, July. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.540812
  34. Pathmanathan, P., Jones, C.M., Pytel, S.G., Edgar, D.L. and Huray, P.G. (2011), "Power loss due to periodic structures in high-speed packages and Printed Circuit Boards", Proceedings of the 18th European Microelectronics & Packaging Conference, Brighton, UK, September.
  35. Raju, K.S., Pratap, Y., Sahni, Y. and Babu, M.N. (2015), "Implementation of a WSN system towards SHM of civil building structures", Proceedings of 2015 IEEE 9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control, Coimbatore, India, January. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCO.2015.7282303
  36. Sandrolini, L., Reggiani, U. and Ogunsola, A. (2007), "Modelling the electrical properties of concrete for shielding effectiveness prediction", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40(17), 5366-5372. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/17/053
  37. Soutsos, M.N., Bungey, J.H., Millard, S.G., Shaw, M.R. and Patterson, A. (2001), "Dielectric properties of concrete and their influence on radar testing", NDT & E International, 34(6), 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(01)00009-3
  38. Stone, W.C. (1997), "Electromagnetic signal attenuation in construction materials", NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR) No. 6055, United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.6055
  39. Sundaram, B.A., Ravisankar, K., Senthil, R. and Parivallal, S. (2013), "Wireless sensors for structural health monitoring and damage detection techniques", Current Sci., 104(11), 1496-1505. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01962
  40. Wu, D., Bao, L.C. and Li, R.F. (2010), "A holistic approach to wireless sensor network routing in underground tunnel environments", Comput. Commun., 33(13), 1566-1573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2010.04.017
  41. Zhou, Z.X., Shao, C.N., Zheng, H.N., Zhou, H.M., Yang, X., Lou, X.W., Li, J., Hui, G.H. and Zhao, Z.D. (2020), "Simulating study on RHCRP protocol in utility tunnel WSN", Wirel. Netw., 26(4), 2797-2808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-019-02038-y