Journal of Wetlands Research (한국습지학회지)

Korean Wetlands Society (한국습지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Changes in sedimentary structure and elemental composition in the Nakdong Estuary, Korea

낙동강 하구역 퇴적구조 및 원소조성 변화에 관한 연구

  • Received : 2020.12.08
  • Accepted : 2021.07.15
  • Published : 2021.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To understand the sedimentary environment of Scirpus planiculmis habitat (Myeongji and Eulsuk tidal flats) in the Nakdong Estuary, this study analyzed the statistical parameters (sorting, skewness, and kurtosis) of grain size data and the major (Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, and P), minor (Li, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Zr, Cs, Pb, Th, and U), and rare earth elements (REEs) in sediment cores. For Myeongji, the sediment structure of the upper part of the cores was poorly sorted, more finely skewed, and more leptokurtic due to construction of the West gate. By contrast, the Eulsuk cores all differed due to the contrasting floodgate operation patterns of the West and East gates. The linear discriminate function (LDF) results corresponded to the statistical parameters for grain size. At the Eulsuk tidal flat (sites ES05 and ES11), elemental distributions were representative of Al-, Fe- and Ca-associated profiles, in which the elements are largely controlled by the accumulation of their host minerals (such as Na- and K-aluminosilicate and ferromagnesium silicate) and heavy detrital minerals at the sites. Detrital minerals including the aluminosilicates are major factors in the elemental compositions at ES05, diluting the REE contents. However, clay minerals and Fe-oxyhydroxides, as well as REE-enriched heavy minerals, appeared to be controlling factors of the elemental composition at ES11. Therefore, the mineral fractionation process is important in determining the elemental composition during sedimentation, which reflects the depositional condition of riverine-saline water mixing at both sites.

낙동강 하구 새섬매자기 식생지역의 수리역학적 퇴적환경을 알아보기 위하여 명지와 을숙도 조간대에서 6개의 퇴적물 코어를 채취하여 퇴적물 입도와 원소분석 (주원소, 미량원소, 희토류 원소)을 수행하였다. 명지 조간대의 퇴적환경은 낙동강 하구둑 좌측 수문의 영향 때문에 퇴적물 상부 (~ 15 cm)에서 분급도가 불량하고 왜도 및 첨도는 양의 값을 보였다. 반면에 을숙도 조간대는 주 수문뿐만 아니라 좌측 수문의 방류 영향으로 정점 별로 서로 다른 퇴적상을 보였다. 퇴적환경의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 분급도, 왜도 및 첨도 등을 이용하여 Linear Discriminate Function (LDF) 분석을 진행하였으며, 그 결과 퇴적물 상부에서 주로 에너지가 강한 퇴적환경이 나타났다. 을숙도 조간대의 ES05 (식생지역)와 ES11 (비 식생지역) 정점의 원소분포는 크게 Al, Fe 및 Ca 주요원소들의 분포와 관련하는 광물구성의 영향을 받는다. 알루미노실리케이트(Aluminosilicate)를 포함하는 쇄설성 광물들은 퇴적물의 희토류 함량을 희석시키며, 특히 ES05 정점 퇴적물의 원소조성을 결정하는 주요 요인으로 작용하였다. 반면에 ES11 정점의 원소조성은 점토광물과 철수산화물, 그리고 희토류 함량이 높은 중광물에 의해 조절되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 새섬매자기 조간대 퇴적물의 원소조성은 광물 분별 과정의 영향을 받으며, 이는 담수-해수 혼합 지역의 퇴적환경을 반영한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) under the research program entitled 'A Study on the Integrated Management of Marine Space'. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

References

  1. An, S, Lee, J and Jeong, S (2006). Seasonal biomass and carbon, nitrogen contents change of Schoenoplectus trigueter in Nakdong river estuary, Journal of Wetlands Research, 8(3), pp. 39-49. [Korean literature]
  2. Barusseau, JP, Ba, M, Descamps, C, Diop, ES, Diouf, B, Kane, A, Saos, JL and Soumare, A (1998). Morphological and sedimentological changes in the Senegal River estuary after the construction of the Diama dam, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(2), pp. 317-326. [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00014-1]
  3. Blott, SJ and Pye, K (2001). GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments, Earth surface processes and Landforms, 26(11), pp. 1237-1248. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.261]
  4. Busan Metropolitan City (2014). Monitoring of Bolboschoenus planiculmis at restored sites on Eulsuk Island. [Korean literature]
  5. Dora, GU, Kumar, VS, Philip, CS, Johnson, G, Vinayaraj, P and Gowthaman, R (2011). Textural characteristics of foreshore sediments along Karnataka shoreline, west coast of India, International Journal of Sediment Research, 26(3), pp. 364-377. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(11)60100-5]
  6. Duane, DB (1964). Significance of skewness in recent sediments, western Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 34(4), pp. 864-874. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/74D711B8-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D]
  7. Dubinin, AV and Strekopytov, SV (2001). Behavior of rare earth elements during leaching of the oceanic sediments, Geochemistry International, 39, pp. 692-701.
  8. Folk, RL and Ward, WC (1957). Brazos River bar [Texas]; a study in the significance of grain size parameters, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 27(1), pp. 3-26. [DOI:https://doi.org/10.1306/74d70646-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d]
  9. Gao, JH, Li, J, Wang, H, Bai, FL, Cheng, Y and Wang, YP (2012). Rapid changes of sediment dynamic processes in Yalu River Estuary under anthropogenic impacts, International Journal of Sediment Research, 27(1), pp. 37-49. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6279(12)60014-6]
  10. Hannigan, R, Dorval, E and Jones, C (2010). The rare earth element chemistry of estuarine surface sediments in the Chesapeake Bay, Chemical Geology, 272, pp. 20-30. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.01.009]
  11. Irudhayanathan, A, Thirunavukkarasu, R and Senapathi, V (2011). Grain size characteristics of the Coleroon estuary sediments, Tamilnadu, East coast of India, Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental sciences, 6(2), pp. 151-157.
  12. Jung, HS, Lim, DI, Yang, SY and Yoo, HS (2006). Constraints of REE distribution patterns in core sediments and their provenance, Northern East China Sea, Economic and Environmental Geology, 39, pp. 39-51. [Korean literature]
  13. Jung, HS, Lim, D, Choi, JY, Yoo, HS, Rho, KC and Lee, HB (2012). Rare earth element compositions of core sediments from the shelf of the South Sea, Korea: their controls and origins, Continental Shelf Research, 48, pp. 75-86. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.08.008]
  14. Kang, J, Jeong, KS, Cho, JH, Lee, JH, Jang, S and Kim, SR (2014). Post-depositional redistribution processes and their effects on middle rare earth element precipitation and the cerium anomaly in sediments in the South Korea Plateau, East Sea, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 82, pp. 66-79. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.11.019]
  15. Kang, J, Woo, HJ, Jang, S, Jeong, KS, Jung, HS, Hwang, HG, Lee, JH and Cho, JH (2016). Rare earth element fingerprints in Korean coastal bay sediments: association with provenance discrimination, Ocean Science Journal, 51, pp. 305-316. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-016-0027-7]
  16. Kim, GY, Lee, CW, Yoon, HS and Joo, GJ (2005). Changes of Distribution of Vascular Hydrophytes in the Nakdong River Estuary and Growth Dynamics of Schenoplectus triqueter, Waterfowl Food Plant, The Korean Journal of Ecology, 28(5), pp. 335-345. [Korean literature, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2005.28.5.335]
  17. Kim, GY, Kim, JY, Ganf, GG, Lee, CW and Joo, GJ (2013). Impact of over-wintering waterfowl on tuberous bulrush (Bolboschoenus planiculmis) in tidal flats, Aquatic Botany, 107, pp. 17-22. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2013.01.004]
  18. Kim, SY and Ha, JS (2001). Sedimentary facies and environmental changes of the Nakdong river estuary and adjacent coastal area, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(3), pp. 268-278. [Korean literature]
  19. Kim, TI, Choi, BH and Lee, SW (2006). Hydrodynamics and sedimentation induced by large-scale coastal developments in the Keum River Estuary, Korea, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 68(3-4), pp. 515-528. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.03.003]
  20. Kim, WH and Lee, HH (1980). Sediment transport and deposition in the Nakdong Estuary. Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 16(3), pp. 180-188. [Korean literature]
  21. Kim, Y and An, S (2017). The Impact of Nakdong Estuarine Barrage on Distribution of Biogenic Silica (BSi) in Surface Sediment, The Sea, 22(4), pp. 172-186. [Korean literature, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2017.22.4.172]
  22. Kim, Y, Kang, J, Choi, JU, Park, CM and Woo, HJ (2019). Geochemical Characteristics of Scirpus planiculmis Habitats in Nakdong Estuary, Korea, Journal of Wetlands Research, 21(2), pp. 125-131. [Korean literature, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2019.21.2.125]
  23. Koukina, SE, Lobus, NV, Peresypkin, VI, Dara, OM, Smurov, AV (2017). Abundance, distribution and bioavailability of major and trace elements in surface sediments from the Cai River estuary and Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea, Vietnam), Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 198, pp. 450-460. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.03.005]
  24. Lee, J, Kwon, BO, Kim, B, Noh, J, Hwang, K, Ryu, J, Park, J, Hong, S and Khim JS (2019) Natural and anthropogenic signatures on sedimentary organic matters across varying intertidal habitats in the Korean waters, Environment International, 133, pp. 105166. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105166]
  25. Lee, YD (1993). A study on the characteristics of submarine geology in Pusan Bay: sedimentation processes in the Nakdong River Estuary, Korea, Journal of the Korean earth science society, 14(1), pp. 67-67. [Korean literature]
  26. McLaren, P and Bowles, D (1985). The effects of sediment transport on grain-size distributions, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 55(4), pp. 457-470. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/212f86fc-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d]
  27. Ministry of Environment (2015). Brackish area survey in the Nakdong estuary ('13~'15). [Korean literature]
  28. Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (2014). The Korean Standard Methods for Marine Environment. [Korean literature]
  29. Oh, GH (1999). Landform changes of terminal area of the Nagdong river delta, Korea, The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research, 13(1), pp. 67-78. [Korean literature]
  30. Oyedotun, TDT (2016). Sediment characterisation in an Estuary-beach system, Journal of Coastal Zone Management, 19(3), pp. 1-7. [DOI: https://doi.org/10. 4172/2473-3350.1000433] https://doi.org/10.4172/2473-3350.1000433
  31. Rajganapathi, VC, Jitheshkumar, N, Sundararajan, M, Bhat, KH and Velusamy, S (2013). Grain size analysis and characterization of sedimentary environment along Thiruchendur coast, Tamilnadu, India, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 6(12), pp. 4717-4728. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0709-0]
  32. Sahu, BK (1964). Depositional mechanisms from the size analysis of clastic sediments, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 34(1), pp. 73-83. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/74d70fce-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d]
  33. Song, YH and Choi, MS (2009). REE geochemistry of fine-grained sediments from major rivers around the Yellow Sea, Chemical Geology, 266, pp. 328-342. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.06.019]
  34. Wiilams, JR, Dellapenna, TM and Lee GH (2013). Shifts in depositional environments as a natural response to anthropogenic alterations Nakdong Estuary, South Korea, Marine Geology, 343, pp. 47-61. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.010]
  35. Williams, J, Dellapenna, T, Lee, GH and Louchouarn, P (2014). Sedimentary impacts of anthropogenic alterations on the Yeongsan Estuary, South Korea, Marine Geology, 357, pp. 256-271. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.08.004]
  36. Williams, J, Lee, GH, Shin, HJ and Dellapenna, T (2015). Mechanism for sediment convergence in the anthropogenically altered microtidal Nakdong Estuary, South Korea, Marine Geology, 369, pp. 79-90. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.08.004]
  37. Yi, YM, Yeo, US, Oh, DH and Sung, K (2011). Annual Changes in Scirpus planiculmis and Environmental Characteristics of the Nakdong River Estuary, Journal of Wetlands Research, 13(3), pp. 567-579. [Korean literature, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2011.13.3.567]
  38. Yoon, EC and Lee, JS (2008). Characteristics of seasonal variation to sedimentary environment at the estuary area of the Nakdong, Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers, 20(4), pp. 372-389. [Korean literature]
  39. Zhang, X, Zhang, F, Chen, X, Zhang, W and Deng, H (2012). REEs fractionation and sedimentary implication in surface sediments from eastern South China Sea, Journal of Rare Earth, 30, pp. 614-620. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60100-8]
  40. Zhao, G, Ye, S, Yuan, H, Ding, X and Wang, J (2017). Surface sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the Pearl River Estuary, China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, pp. 2966-2979. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8003-4]