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Constructed Wetlands in Treating Domestic and Industrial Wastewater in India: A Review

인도의 가정 및 산업 폐수 처리를 위한 인공습지: 총론

  • Farheen, K.S. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University) ;
  • Reyes, N.J. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University) ;
  • Kim, L.H. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University)
  • Received : 2021.07.05
  • Accepted : 2021.07.28
  • Published : 2021.08.31

Abstract

Surface water pollution is a serious environmental problem in developing countries, like India, due to the unregulated discharge of untreated wastewater. To overcome this, the constructed wetlands (CWs) have been proven to be an efficient technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, different existing and experimental facilities were reviewed to be able to determine the current status of constructed wetlands in India. Based on the collected data from published literature, industrial wastewater contained the highest average chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). In terms of total nitrogen (TN), Total phosphorous (TP), the lowest concentration was found on domestic wastewater. Vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) and Horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) were more effective in removing TSS, BOD, TP in domestic and industrial wastewater, whereas hybrid constructed wetlands (HCW) showed the highest removal for COD. The use of constructed wetlands as advanced wastewater treatment facilities in India yielded better water quality. The treatment of wastewater using constructed wetlands also enabled further reuse of wastewater for irrigation and other agricultural purposes. Overall, this study can be beneficial in evaluating and promoting the use of constructed wetlands in India.

인디아와 같은 개발 도상국에서는 규제없는 폐수 방류가 지표수 수질에 심각한 영향을 주고 있다. 인공습지(CW)는 생태학적 기작에 의하여 폐수 처리를 함으로써 수질정화와 함께 다양한 효과를 제공하는 효율적인 기술이다. 본 연구는 인디아의 폐수처리를 위해 조성된 다양한 형태의 인공습지에 대하여 자료를 정리하고 분석함으로써 객관적 효과 평가를 수행하고자 수행되었다. 연구에 사용된 인공습지 데이터는 기출판된 문헌에서 수집되었으며, 산업폐수의 경우 화학적 산소요구량(COD), 생화학적 산소요구량(BOD)이 높게 나타났다. 인디아의 생활하수 총질소(TN)와 총인(TP)은 산업폐수보다 낮은 농도를 보였다. 수직흐름 인공습지(VFCW)와 수평흐름 인공습지(HFCW)는 생활하수 및 산업 폐수의 TSS, BOD, TP 제거에 효과적으로 나타났다. 그러나 COD는 하이브리드 인공습지(HCW)에서 높은 제거율을 보였다. 인도에서는 인공습지를 폐수처리 시설의 고도처리로 활용될 경우 수질이 크게 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 인공습지의 방류수 수질은 관개용수 및 기타 농업용수로 활용가능한 수질로 평가되었다. 본 연구결과는 인디아의 지역적 특성에 적정한 인공습지 설계에 기여할 것으로 평가된다.

Keywords

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