Journal of Powder Materials (한국분말재료학회지)

The Korean Powder Metallurgy & Materials Institute (한국분말재료학회 (*구 분말야금학회))
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Current Status of Smelting and Recycling Technologies of Tungsten

텅스텐의 제련과 리사이클링 현황

  • Sohn, Ho-Sang (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
  • 손호상 (경북대학교 신소재공학부)
  • Received : 2021.06.22
  • Accepted : 2021.07.23
  • Published : 2021.08.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Because of its unique properties, tungsten is a strategic and rare metal used in various industrial applications. However, the world's annual production of tungsten is only 84000 t. Ammonium paratungstate (APT), which is used as the main intermediate in industrial tungsten production, is usually obtained from tungsten concentrates of wolframite and scheelite by hydrometallurgical treatment. Intermediates such as tungsten trioxide, tungsten blue oxide, tungstic acid, and ammonium metatungstate can be derived from APT by thermal decomposition or chemical attack. Tungsten metal powder is produced through the hydrogen reduction of high-purity tungsten oxides, and tungsten carbide powder is produced by the reaction of tungsten powder and carbon black powder at 1300-1700℃ in a hydrogen atmosphere. Tungsten scrap can be divided into hard and soft scrap based on shape (bulk or powder). It can also be divided into new scrap generated during the production of tungsten-bearing goods and old scrap collected at the end of life. Recycling technologies for tungsten can be divided into four main groups: direct, chemical, and semi-direct recycling, and melting metallurgy. In this review, the current status of tungsten smelting and recycling technologies is discussed.

Keywords

References

  1. H. S. Sohn: Recycling of Common Metals, KNU Press, Daegu, (2020) 17.
  2. E. Lassner and W. D. Schubert: Tungsten - Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Element, Alloys, and Chemical Compounds Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, US, (1999) 77.
  3. Y. Annoura: J. Plasma Fusion Res., 96 (2020) 77.
  4. J. W. Song, S. H. Lee, H. S. Hong, H. Y. Kang and S. J. Hong: J. Korean Powder Metall Inst., 19 (2012) 79. https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2012.19.1.079
  5. B. Zeiler, A. Bartl and W. D. Schubert: Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 98 (2021) 1.
  6. E. Lassner and W. D. Schubert: Tungsten - Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Element, Alloys, and Chemical Compounds Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, US, (1999) 215.
  7. USGS, http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historicalstatistics/.
  8. SMR GmbH: Tungsten in 2019, End Use Consumption, ITIA, (2020) 6.
  9. T. E. Graedel, E. M. Harper, N. T. Nassar and B. K. Reck: PNAS, 112 (2015) 6295. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312752110
  10. H. H. Ahn and M. S. Lee: J. of Korean Inst. of Resources Recycling, 27 (2018) 3.
  11. S. Yamada, Y. Yamamoto, A. Ichida and T. Nagasaka: J. Min. Mater. Process.Inst. Jpn., 109 (1993) 1175.
  12. S. Morimoto: J. of the Mining and Metallurgical Inst. of Japan, 94 (1981) 850. https://doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai1953.97.1122_850
  13. T. R. Wilken, W. R. Morcom, C. A. Wert and J. B. Woodhouse: Metall. Trans. B, 7B (1976) 598.
  14. R. Haubner, W. D. Schubert, E. Lassner, M. Schreiner and B. Lux: Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2 (1983) 108.
  15. M. Weil and W. D. Schubert: The Beautifum Colours of Tungsten Oxides, Tungsten Newletter June 2013, ITIA, (2013) 2.
  16. D.-G. Ahn: Bull. of KIM, 21 (2008) 28.
  17. T. Hayshi, F. Sato, K. Sasaya and A. Ikegaya: SEI Technical Review, 189 (2016) 8.
  18. B. Zeiler, W. D. Schubert and A. Bartl: Recycling of Tungsten, Tungsten Newletter May 2018, ITIA, (2018) 5.
  19. P. K. Katiyar and N. S. Randhawa: Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 90 (2020) 1.
  20. W. D. Schubert and B. Zeiler: Recycling of Tungsten, Tungsten Newletter August 2019, ITIA, (2019) 3.
  21. E. M. Trent: USA, US 2,407,752 (1946).
  22. P. G. Barnard, A. G. Startiper and H. Kenworthy: USA, US 3,595,484 (1971).
  23. E. Altuncu, F. Ustel, A. Turk, S. Ozturk and G. Erdogan: Mater. Technol., 47 (2013) 115.
  24. K. S. Kim, I. H Kim, C. G. Lee and C. B. Song: J. of Korean Inst. of Resources Recycling, 29 (2020) 35.
  25. M. Nakamura and M. Tagusari: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder and Powder Metall., 52 (2005) 317. https://doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.52.317
  26. L. S. Friedman, K. C. Zagielski and L. A. Adanas: USA, US 3,184,169 (1965).
  27. S. Morita, T. Ohtsuka and O. Maeda: J. MMIJ, 123 (2007) 707. https://doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.123.707
  28. A. G. Hartline, J. A. Campbell and T. T. Magel: USA, US 3,953,194 (1976).
  29. H. Yuehui, C. Libao, H. Baiyun and P. K. Liaw: Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 21 (2003) 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-4368(03)00009-X
  30. A. A. Alhazza: Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 27 (2009) 705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2008.11.006
  31. T. Makino, S. Nagai, F. Iskandar, K. Okuyama and T. Ogi: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 6 (2018) 4246. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04689
  32. Y. Yamamoto, K. Sasaya, T. Fudo, A. Nakano, S. Yamanaka, T. Iguchi, F. Sato and A. Ikegaya: USA, US 9,249,479 B2 (2016).
  33. T. Ishida, T. Itakura, H. Moriguchi and A. Ikegaya: SEI Technical Review, 75 (2012) 38.
  34. J. C. Lee, E. Y. Kim, J. H. Kim, W. Kim, B. S. Kim and B. D. Pandey: Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 29 (2011) 365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2011.01.003
  35. C. Edtmaier, R. Schiesser, C. Meissl, W. D. Schubert, A. Bock, A. Schoen and B. Zeiler: Hydrometallurgy, 76 (2005) 63.
  36. H. Matsubara, K. Ohashi, O. Maeda and K. Hijikata: Japanese Patent, 52-108302(A) (1977).
  37. A. Masoudi and H. Abbaszadeh: Am. J. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1 (2013) 15.
  38. G. Kucher, S. Luidold, C. Czettl and C. Storf: Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 86 (2020) 105131, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105131
  39. T. Kojima, T. Shimizu, R. Sasai and H. Itoh: J. Mater. Sci., 40 (2005) 5167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-4407-0
  40. W. M. Shwayder: USA, US Patent 3,635,674 (1972).
  41. M. Orefice, H. Audoor, Z. Li and K. Binnemans: Sep. Purif. Technol., 219 (2019) 281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.03.029
  42. K. Binnemans and P. T. Jones: J. Sustain. Metall., 3 (2017) 570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-017-0128-2
  43. A. O. Amadou, G. P. De Gaudenzi, G. Marcheselli, S. Cara, M. Piredda, D. Spiga, A. S. Matharu. G. De Gioannis and A. Serpe: Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 98 (2021) 105534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105534