Journal of Environmental Health Sciences (한국환경보건학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Health (한국환경보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Case Study on Distribution Characteristics of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) and Black Carbon (BC) by Season and Time of the Day in Apartments

아파트 실내·외 미세먼지(PM10, PM2.5)와 블랙카본(Black Carbon)의 계절별 농도 및 시간대별 분포 특성 사례연구

  • Park, Shinyoung (Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Seokyeong University) ;
  • Yoon, Danki (Department of Nano and Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University) ;
  • Kong, Hyegwan (Department of Nano and Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University) ;
  • Kang, Sanghyeon (Department of Nano, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University) ;
  • Lee, Cheolmin (Department of Nano, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University)
  • 박신영 (서경대학교 환경화학공학과) ;
  • 윤단기 (서경대학교 나노생명공학과) ;
  • 공혜관 (서경대학교 나노생명공학과) ;
  • 강상현 (서경대학교 나노화학생명공학과) ;
  • 이철민 (서경대학교 나노화학생명공학과)
  • Received : 2021.07.30
  • Accepted : 2021.08.19
  • Published : 2021.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and black carbon contribute to poor air quality in urban areas, and can also affect indoor environments. Exposure to PM can be associated with respiratory and lung diseases. Objectives: This study investigated the indoor and outdoor concentration distribution patterns of PM10, PM2.5, and black carbon at an apartment building, a typical residential space in the metropolitan areas of South Korea, by season, day of the week (weekday vs. weekend), and time of the day. It aims to obtain foundational data for the effective management of pollutants and investigate the difference in pollution levels between indoor and outdoor environments. Methods: Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM and black carbon were measured at an apartment building located in Namyangju, Gyeonggi-do Province, using dust sensors and an Aethalometer AE51 (AethLabs, San Francisco, CA, USA) over the course of a year from June 2020 to May 2021. The concentration distribution patterns were analyzed by season and time of day. Results: PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the outdoor environment were higher than those in the indoor environment, regardless of the season. By contrast, the indoor black carbon concentration was higher than that in the outdoor environment during summer and autumn. The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon were found to be higher on weekdays than during weekends, especially during rush hour, with concentrations of 25.92~56.58 ㎍/m3, 21.12~44.82 ㎍/m3, 0.63~3.40 ㎍/m3. Conclusions: The outdoor concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and black carbon were higher during the weekdays, especially during rush hour, than during weekends. This study is expected to provide basic data for the health management of apartment occupants because it is measured over a period of more than one year.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 환경부의 재원으로 한국환경산업기술원 생활공감환경보건기술사업의 지원을 받아 수행되었습니다(과제번호: 2018001350006).

References

  1. Jun MJ. The effects of polycentric evolution on commute times in a polycentric compact city: a case of the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Cities. 2020; 98: 102587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102587
  2. Janssen NA, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Lanki T, Salonen RO, Cassee F, Hoek G, et al. Health Effects of Black Carbon. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 2012.
  3. Zhang S, Li G, Tian L, Guo Q, Pan X. Short-term exposure to air pollution and morbidity of COPD and asthma in East Asian area: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2016; 148: 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.008
  4. Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, et al. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation. 2004; 109(1): 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F
  5. To T, Zhu J, Larsen K, Simatovic J, Feldman L, Ryckman K, et al. Progression from asthma to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Is air pollution a risk factor? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016; 194(4): 429-438. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201510-1932OC
  6. Renwick LC, Brown D, Clouter A, Donaldson K. Increased inflammation and altered macrophage chemotactic responses caused by two ultrafine particle types. Occup Environ Med. 2004; 61(5): 442-447. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.008227
  7. Islam JB, Rahman AKML, Sarkar M, Ahmed KS, Begum BA. Particulate matter and black carbon concentration in ambient air of an urban-traffic influenced site at Farm Gate, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Jagannath Univ J Sci. 2014; 3(1): 87-96.
  8. Lou S, Yang Y, Wang H, Smith SJ, Qian Y, Rasch PJ. Black carbon amplifies haze over the North China Plain by weakening the East Asian winter monsoon. Geophys Res Lett. 2019; 46(1): 452-460. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080941
  9. Bond TC, Streets DG, Yarber KF, Nelson SM, Woo JH, Klimont Z. A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. J Geophys Res. 2004; 109(D14): D14203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003697
  10. Rim KT, Kim SJ, Kang MG. A Study on the Effects of Carbon Black to Reactive Oxygen Species and Inflammation Reaction. Ulsan: Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA; 2010.
  11. Jansen KL, Larson TV, Koenig JQ, Mar TF, Fields C, Stewart J, et al. Associations between health effects and particulate matter and black carbon in subjects with respiratory disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113(12): 1741-1746. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8153
  12. He C, Morawska L, Hitchins J, Gilbert D. Contribution from indoor sources to particle number and mass concentrations in residential houses. Atmos Environ. 2004; 38(21): 3405-3415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.027
  13. Wallace LA, Emmerich SJ, Howard-Reed C. Source strengths of ultrafine and fine particles due to cooking with a gas stove. Environ Sci Technol. 2004; 38(8): 2304-2311. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0306260
  14. Oh JW, Lim TJ. Regional analysis of particulate matter concentration risk in South Korea. J Korean Soc Saf. 2017; 32(5): 157-167. https://doi.org/10.14346/JKOSOS.2017.32.5.157
  15. Lee SJ, Kim SJ, Park MK, Cho IG, Lee HY, Choi SD. Contamination characteristics of hazardous air pollutants in particulate matter in the atmosphere of Ulsan, Korea. J Korea Soc Environ Anal. 2018; 21(4): 281-291.
  16. Seo YH, Ku MS, Choi JW, Kim KM, Kim SM, Sul KH, et al. Characteristics of PM2.5 emission and distribution in a highly commercialized area in Seoul, Korea. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ. 2015; 31(2): 97-104. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2015.31.2.097
  17. Park SS, Yu GH, Lee SI, Bae MS. Aethalometer-based estimate of mass absorption cross section of black carbon particles at an urban site of Gwangju. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ. 2018; 34(5): 727-734. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2018.34.5.727
  18. Afshari A, Matson U, Ekberg LE. Characterization of indoor sources of fine and ultrafine particles: a study conducted in a full-scale chamber. Indoor Air. 2005; 15(2): 141-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00332.x
  19. Thomas KW, Pellizzari ED, Clayton CA, Whitaker DA, Shores RC, Spengler J, et al. Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) 1990 study: method performance and data quality for personal, indoor, and outdoor monitoring. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1993; 3(2): 203-226.
  20. Choi YS, Ho CH, Kim BG, Hur SK. Long-term variation in midweek/weekend cloudiness difference during summer in Korea. Atmos Environ. 2008; 42(28): 6726-6732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.039
  21. Motallebi N, Tran H, Croes BE, Larsen LC. Day-of-week patterns of particulate matter and its chemical components at selected sites in California. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2003; 53(7): 876-888. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466229
  22. Bang JI, Jo SM, Sung MK. Analysis of infiltration of outdoor particulate matter into apartment buildings. J Archit Inst Korea Struct Constr. 2018; 34(1): 61-68. https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK_SC.2018.34.1.61
  23. Jones NC, Thornton CA, Mark D, Harrison RM. Indoor/outdoor relationships of particulate matter in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations. Atmos Environ. 2000; 34(16): 2603-2612. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00489-6
  24. Meteorological Agency. Asian dust. Available: https://www.weather.go.kr/weather/asiandust/graph.jsp [accessed 30 April 2021].
  25. Chao CY, Wong KK. Residential indoor PM10 and PM2.5 in Hong Kong and the elemental composition. Atmos Environ. 2002; 36(2): 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00411-3
  26. Scibor M, Bokwa A, Balcerzak B. Impact of wind speed and apartment ventilation on indoor concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Krakow, Poland. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2020; 13(5): 553-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00816-8
  27. Won SR, Ji HA, Kwon MH, Hwang ES, Lee JS, Shim IK. Characteristics of particles and gaseous pollutants generated from roasting fish and meat in kitchens. J Environ Anal Health Toxicol. 2019; 22(4): 224-229. https://doi.org/10.36278/jeaht.22.4.224
  28. Hong SH, Kang RY, An MY, Kim JS, Jung ES. Study on the impact of roadside forests on particulate matter between road and public openspace in front of building site- case of openspace of Busan City hall in Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2018; 32(3): 323-331. https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2018.32.3.323
  29. Chen C, Zhao B, Zhou W, Jiang X, Tan Z. A methodology for predicting particle penetration factor through cracks of windows and doors for actual engineering application. Build Environ. 2012; 47: 339-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.004
  30. Nadali A, Arfaeinia H, Asadgol Z, Fahiminia M. Indoor and outdoor concentration of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in residential building and evaluation of negative air ions (NAIs) in indoor PM removal. Environ Pollut Bioavailab. 2020; 32(1): 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395940.2020.1728198
  31. Kim JC. Characteristics of particle size distribution of PM10 by Asian dust. J Korean Soc Environ Anal. 2013; 16(4): 266-271.
  32. Gotschi T, Oglesby L, Mathys P, Monn C, Manalis N, Koistinen K, et al. Comparison of black smoke and PM2.5 levels in indoor and outdoor environments of four European cities. Environ Sci Technol. 2002; 36(6): 1191-1197. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010079n
  33. Lee YK, Lee KJ, Lee JS, Shin ES. Regional characteristics of particle size distribution of PM10. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ. 2012; 28(6): 666-674. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2012.28.6.666
  34. Jeon BI. Spaciotemporal variation of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration for 2015 to 2018 in Busan. J Environ Sci Int. 2020; 29(7): 749-760. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2020.29.7.749
  35. Lee SB, Bae GN, Park SM, Jung SG. Black carbon pollution level at a roadside of Seoul in spring. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ. 2007; 23(4): 466-477. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2007.23.4.466
  36. LaRosa LE, Buckley TJ, Wallace LA. Real-time indoor and outdoor measurements of black carbon in an occupied house: an examination of sources. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2002; 52(1): 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2002.10470758
  37. Hegg DA, Livingston J, Hobbs PV, Novakov T, Russell P. Chemical apportionment of aerosol column optical depth off the midAtlantic coast of the United States. J Geophys Res. 1997; 102(D21):25293-25303. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02293
  38. Christoforou CS, Salmon LG, Hannigan MP, Solomon PA, Cass GR. Trends in fine particle concentration and chemical composition in southern California. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000; 50(1): 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10463985
  39. Kim HY, Park CJ, Kim JC, Lee YJ, Lee CM, Gwak YK, et al. PM risk reduction in accordance with application of an air cleaner - focused on home (studio apartment). J Odor Indoor Environ. 2015; 14(4): 253-262. https://doi.org/10.15250/joie.2015.14.4.253
  40. Lee BR, Chimeddulam D, Jargalsaikhan K, Lee KY. Indoor air pollution in ger, a traditional type of residence in Mongolia. J Environ Health Sci. 2016; 42(2): 118-125. https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2016.42.2.118
  41. Viana M, Diez S, Reche C. Indoor and outdoor sources and infiltration processes of PM1 and black carbon in an urban environment. Atmos Environ. 2011; 45(35): 6359-6367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.044
  42. Lee KW, Han SC, Lee JH. Measurement of black carbon concentration in rural area. Trans Korean Soc Mech Eng B. 2014; 38(1): 17-24.
  43. Baxter LK, Clougherty JE, Paciorek CJ, Wright RJ, Levy JI. Predicting residential indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter, and elemental carbon using questionnaire and geographic information system based data. Atmos Environ (1994). 2007; 41(31): 6561-6571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.027
  44. Safai PD, Kewat S, Praveen PS, Rao PSP, Momin GA, Ali K, et al. Seasonal variation of black carbon aerosols over a tropical urban city of Pune, India. Atmos Environ. 2007; 41(13): 2699-2709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.044
  45. Rattigan OV, Civerolo K, Doraiswamy P, Felton HD, Hopke PK. Long term black carbon measurements at two urban locations in New York. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2013; 13(4): 1181-1196. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.02.0060