The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research (한국제4기학회지)

Korea Association For Quaternary Research (한국제4기학회)
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Review on the impact of Arctic Amplification on winter cold surges over east Asia

북극 온난화 증폭이 겨울철 동아시아 한파 발생에 미치는 영향 고찰

  • 김성중 (한국해양과학기술원 부설 극지연구소) ;
  • 김정훈 (한국해양과학기술원 부설 극지연구소) ;
  • 전상윤 (한국해양과학기술원 부설 극지연구소) ;
  • 김맹기 (공주대학교) ;
  • 이솔지 (한국해양과학기술원 부설 극지연구소)
  • Received : 2021.09.10
  • Accepted : 2021.12.20
  • Published : 2021.12.31
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Abstract

In response to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases, the global mean temperature is rising rapidly. In particular, the warming of the Arctic is two to three times faster than the rest. Associated with the rapid Arctic warming, the sea ice shows decreasing trends in all seasons. The faster Arctic warming is due to ice-albedo feedback by the presence of snow and ice in polar regions, which have higher reflectivity than the ocean, the bare land, or vegetation, higher long-wave heat loss to space than lower latitudes by lower surface temperature in the Arctic than lower latitudes, different stability of atmosphere between the Arctic and lower latitudes, where low stability leads to larger heat losses to atmosphere from surface by larger latent heat fluxes than the Arctic, where high stability, especially in winter, prohibits losing heat to atmosphere, increase in clouds and water vapor in the Arctic atmosphere that subsequently act as green house gases, and finally due to the increase in sensible heat fluxes from low latitudes to the Arctic via lower troposphere. In contrast to the rapid Arctic warming, in midlatitudes, especially in eastern Asia and eastern North America, cold air outbreaks occur more frequently and last longer in recent decades. Two pathways have been suggested to link the Arctic warming to cold air outbreaks over midlatitudes. The first is through troposphere in synoptic-scales by enhancing the Siberian high via a development of Rossby wave trains initiated from the Arctic, especially the Barents-Kara Seas. The second is via stratosphere by activating planetary waves to stratosphere and beyond, that leads to warming in the Arctic stratosphere and increase in geopotential height that subsequently weakens the polar vortex and results in cold air outbreaks in midlatitudes for several months. There exists lags between the Arctic warming and cold events in midlatitudes. Thus, understanding chain reactions from the Arctic warming to midlatitude cooling could help improve a predictability of seasonal winter weather in midlatitudes. This study reviews the results on the Arctic warming and its connection to midlatitudes and examines the trends in surface temperature and the Arctic sea ice.

산업화 이후 대기 이산화탄소를 포함한 온실가스 증가에 따라 전지구 기온이 빠르게 올라가고 있는데, 특히 북극의 온난화가 저위도에 비해 2-3배 빠르다. 그리고 온난화와 함께 북극 해빙의 농도와 면적도 지속적으로 감소추세에 있다. 이는 온난화에 대한 북극의 눈과 얼음에 의한 알베도 피드백, 표면기온 차이에 의해 더 많은 에너지를 잃는 플랑크 피드백, 저위도와 고위도의 안정도 차이에 의한 기온감률 피드백, 북극해 온난화에 의한 구름과 수증기 증가 피드백, 그리고 북극으로의 현열속 증가 등에 의한다. 이와 같이 급격한 북극 온난화에 반해 중위도에는 냉각화가 나타나고, 지역에 따라 한파가 더 자주 나타나고 오래 지속되는 경향을 보이는데, 이는 북극 온난화 증폭과 연관 있다는 연구결과들이 많이 보고되고 있다. 북극 온난화는 2가지 경로를 통해 중위도 냉각화로 연결되는데, 하나는 종관규모로 주로 블로킹과 로스비 파동의 발달에 의한 시베리아 고기압을 강화시켜 대류권에서 일어나는 현상이며, 두 번째는 북극 온난화에 의한 상층으로의 행성파 전달을 활성화하여 폴라보텍스를 약화시켜 성층권을 경유해 수개월 동안 나타나는 경로이다. 중위도 한파와 북극 온난화 증폭 간에는 수주에서 수개월의 시차가 존재하기 때문에, 북극 온난화부터 중위도 한파에 이르는 일련의 연쇄 과정을 이해할 수 있으면 겨울철 중위도 기상 예측의 정확성을 높일 수 있다. 이연구에서는 기존에 보고된 많은 결과들을 종합하고 온도와 해빙 변화 경향 분석을 통해 현재 진행되는 북극 온난화와 중위도 냉각화 경향 그리고 이 둘 간의 관계를 고찰해 보고자 한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 극지연구소 "북극 해양·해빙 변화에 기인한 북극과 한반도의 재해기상 현상 모델링 시스템(KPOPS-Earth)의 개발 및 활용" 사업 (PE21010)의 지원으로 수행되었습니다.

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