DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Influence of Discrimination Experience in Daily Life and Social Isolation on Depression of Older Adults

노인의 일상생활에서의 차별 경험과 사회적 고립이 우울에 미치는 영향

  • 고영 (가천대학교 간호학과) ;
  • 곽찬영 (한림대학교 간호학과)
  • Received : 2021.05.17
  • Accepted : 2021.08.20
  • Published : 2021.08.28

Abstract

This study was conducted to identify the influence of the discrimination experienced in daily life and social isolation on depression among older adults living in the community. This study was a secondary analysis of the data of 2017 Living Profiles of Older Adults Survey. The participants was a representative sample among the older adults 65 years and older. Data from 10,041 older adults were analyzed for this study. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were used. When the discrimination experiences was added in model 1, the likelihood of being depressed was 1.95(1.60-2.36) times higher for those who experienced discrimination comparing with those who didn't experienced discrimination. When the social isolation was added in model 2, the likelihood of being depressed was 1.89(1.55-2.30) times higher in those who experienced discrimination. In addition, as the number of close friends, neighbors, and acquaintances decreased by one, the likelihood of being depressed increased by 1.14 times. Those who were isolated from family, friends, neighbors and acquaintances were 3.90 times more likely to be depressed. Therefore, social efforts are needed to reduce the experience of discrimination. Maintaining a social network or creating a new network will contribute to lowering the level of depression in older adults who have experienced discrimination.

본 연구는 노인의 차별 경험과 사회적 고립이 우울에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해서 수행되었다. 자료분석을 위해서 2017 노인실태조사 자료를 이차자료로 이용하였다. 대상자는 65세 이상 노인 중 대표성 있는 표본이었으며, 10,041명의 자료를 분석하였다. 차별 경험과 사회적 고립이 우울에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 위계적 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하였다. 일반적 특성, 건강관련 특성을 투입한 모델 1에 차별 경험을 추가한 결과, 차별 경험을 한 경우에서 우울할 가능성이 1.95(1.60-2.36)배 높았다. 모델 2에 사회적 고립을 추가로 투입한 결과, 차별 경험을 한 경우에서 우울할 가능성이 1.89(1.55-2.30)배 높았으며, 가깝게 지내는 친구.이웃.지인이 1명 감소할수록 우울할 가능성은 1.14배 증가하였다. 또한, 가족과 친구.이웃.지인에게 고립된 경우에서 우울할 가능성이 3.90배 증가하였다. 노인 우울 감소를 위해서는 노인 차별 경험을 줄이기 위한 사회적 노력이 필요하다. 또한, 사회적 관계망을 유지하거나 형성해주는 것은 차별 경험을 한 노인의 우울 수준을 낮추는데 기여할 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. D. Chapman & P.G.S. Perry. (2008). Depression as a major component of public health for older adults. Preventing Chronic Disease, 5, 1-9.
  2. Statistics Korea (2018). Depressive symptoms in the elderly. Daejeon: Statistics Korea(Online). https://kosis.kr/index/index.do.
  3. National Institute of Mental Health. (2007). What is depression. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health(Online). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml.
  4. A. Fiske, J. L. Wetherell & M. Gatz. (2009). Depression in older adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 363-389. DOI : 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621
  5. H. Li, L. Xu & I. Chi. (2016). Factors related to Chinese older adults' suicidal thoughts and attempts. Aging & mental health, 20(7), 752-761. DOI : 10.1080/13607863.2015.1037242
  6. H. J. Kwon, I. U. Jeong & M. Choi. (2018). Social relationships and suicidal ideation among the elderly who live alone in Republic of Korea: a logistic model. Inquiry: The Journal of Medical Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 55, 46958018774177. DOI : 10.1177/0046958018774177
  7. I. Conejero, E. Olie, P. Courtet & R. Calati. (2018). Suicide in older adults: current perspectives. Clinical interventions in aging, 13, 691-699. DOI:10.2147/CIA.S130670
  8. Y. Won. (2006). Survey of social discrimination against older adults: focused on personal and system discrimination experience. Seoul: National Human Rights Commission of Korea.
  9. R. N. Butler. (1969). Age-ism: another form of bigotry. Gerontologist, 9(4), 243-246. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.4_Part_1.243
  10. I. H. Kim, S. Noh & H. Chun. (2016). Mediating and moderating effects in ageism and depression among the Korean elderly: the roles of emotional reactions and coping responses. Osong public health and research perspectives, 7(1), 3-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.012
  11. Y. Luo, J. Xu, E. Granberg, W. M. Wentworth. (2012). A longitudinal study of social status, perceived discrimination, and physical and emotional health among older adults. Research on Aging, 34(3), 275-301. DOI : 10.1177/0164027511426151
  12. E. A. Pascoe & L. S. Richman. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 135(4), 531-554. DOI : 10.1037/a0016059
  13. P. Townsend. (1973) Sociological explanations of the lonely. In P. Townsend (Ed.), The Social Minority (pp. 240-266). London: Allen Lane
  14. A. Kim. (2020). The impact of social isolation on health-related quality of life of older adults living alone. Journal of Digital Convergence, 18(8), 343-351. DOI : 10.14400/JDC.2020.18.8.343
  15. M. M. Fassberg et al. (2012). A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(3), 722-745. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph9030722
  16. S. Park. (2018). The Effects of health-related factors and social networks on depressive symptoms in elderly men and women: focusing on the moderating effects of gender. Health and Social Welfare Review, 38(1), 154-190. https://doi.org/10.15709/hswr.2018.38.1.154
  17. R. J. Taylor, H. O. Taylor & L. M. Chatters. (2016). Social isolation from extended family members and friends among African Americans: findings from a national survey. Journal of Family Social Work, 19, 443-461. DOI : 10.1080/10522158.2016.1181127.
  18. J. Lee, K. Choi & G. S. Jeon. (2020). Socioeconomic inequalities in depressive symptoms among Korean older men and women: contribution of social support resources. Journal of Korean Academic of Community Health Nursing, 31(1), 13-23. DOI : 10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.1.13
  19. H. S. Kim & H. Y. Kim. (2007). Associated factors of depression among elderly for visiting health services in public health centers: focused on social support and perceived health status. Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion, 24(2), 1-14.
  20. B. K. Kim, Y. H. Ha & S. S. Choi. (2014). A vertical study of the factors which are influenced on depression of the aged: focused on physical.psychological.social factors. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 34(1), 115-132.
  21. J. Lee. (2016). Converged factors influencing depression of community dwelling elderly. Journal of the Korean Convergence Society, 7(5), 237-246. DOI : 10.15207/JKCS.2016.7.5.237
  22. M. Lee & M. Han. (2018). Convergence factors of affecting depression of elderly women in rural area. Journal of Digital Convergence, 16(5), 341-349. DOI: 10.14400/JDC.2018.16.5.341
  23. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. (2017). 2017 National Survey of Older Koreans. Sejong; Ministry of Health and Welfare.
  24. B. S. Kee. (1996). A preliminary study for the standardization of geriatric depression scale short form-Korea version. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 35, 298-307.
  25. J. I. Sheikh & J. A. Yesavage. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a short version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5(1-2), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v05n01_09
  26. C. W. Won et al. (2002). The development of Korean Activities of Daily Living (K-ADL) and Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL) scale. Journal of Korean Geriatric Society, 6, 107-120.
  27. G. W. Kim et al. (2009.12). Standardization of diagnostic tools for dementia. Research Report. Gyeonggido, Seongnam: Bundang Seoul National University Hospital. Report No.: 11-1351000-00 0589-01.
  28. F. V. Van Oort, F. J. Van Lenthe & J. P. Mackenbach. (2005). Material, psychosocial, and behavioural factors in the explanation of educational inequalities in mortality in the Netherlands. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(3), 214-220. DOI : 10.1136/jech.2003.016493
  29. J. Han & V. E. Richardson. (2015). The relationships among perceived discrimination, self-perceptions of aging, and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal examination of age discrimination. Aging & mental health, 19(8), 747-755. DOI : 10.1080/13607863.2014.962007
  30. A. Lyons et al. (2017) Experiences of ageism and the mental health of older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 22(11), 1456-1464. DOI : 10.1080/13607863.2017.1364347
  31. J. Yang, H. Kim & E. A. Choi. (2020). Comparison study of the effect of ageism and social support on suicidal ideation among elderly in UK and S.Korea. The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 21, 11, 745-760. DOI : 10.22143/HSS21.11.1.55
  32. Y. Luo, J. Xu, E. Granberg & W. M. Wentworth. (2012). A longitudinal study of social status, perceived discrimination, and physical and emotional health among older adults. Research on Aging, 34(3), 275-301. DOI : 10.1177/0164027511426151
  33. C. Bratt, D. Abrams, H. J. Swift, C. Vauclair & S. Marques. (2017). Perceived age discrimination across Age in Europe: from an ageing society to a society for all ages. Developmental Psychology, 54, 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000398
  34. G. Kim & M. Lee. (2020). Aging discrimination and suicidal ideation among Korean Older adults. American Journal of Geriatrics Psychiatry, 28(7), 748-754. DOI : 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.12.002
  35. Y. Ko, S. Y. Han & H. Jang. (2021). Factors influencing suicidal ideation and attempts among older Korean adults: focusing on age discrimination and neglect. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1852. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph18041852
  36. S. Marques et al. (2020). Determinants of ageism against older adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 2560. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph17072560.
  37. A. R. Donizzetti. (2019). Ageism in an aging society: the role of knowledge, anxiety about aging, and stereotypes in young adults and adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1329. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph16081329
  38. D. Burnes et al. (2019). Interventions to reduce ageism against older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 109, e1-e9. DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305123
  39. H. Shin. (2012). Middle-aged Korean's ageism affecting factors mediated by intergroup anxiety. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 32(2), 359-376
  40. J. H. Sohn et al. (2019). Living alone, social isolation and depressive disorder among community-dwelling older adults in an urban community in Korea. Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(2), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.47825/jkgp.2019.23.2.58
  41. I. Oh, Y. Oh & M. Kim. (2009). Effect of social networks on the depression of elderly females in Korea: analysis of the intermediating effect of health promotion behavior. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 14(1), 113-136.
  42. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Health Promotion Institute. (2019). 2019 Guideline for visiting health care. Seoul: Korea Health Promotion Institute.
  43. Ministry of Health and Welfare (2021). Customized care services for older adults. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare(Online). http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/index.jsp
  44. W. Kim. (2003). An exploratory study on ageism experienced by the elderly and its related factors. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 23(2), 21-35.
  45. S. Jeon & H. Shin. (2011). Effects of ageism experience of the elderly on depression mediated by loneliness. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 31(4), 925-938.
  46. L. Ayalon et al. (2019). A systematic review of existing ageism scales. Ageing research reviews, 54, 100919. DOI : 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100919