Korean Journal of Plant Resources (한국자원식물학회지)

The Plant Resources Society of Korea (한국자원식물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Inhibitory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Red Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on Triglyceride Biosynthesis in Rhodosporidium toruloides

Rhodosporidium toruloides에서의 적색 파프리카 에탄올 추출물의 중성지방 억제 효과

  • Kang, Ju-Won (Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Seung-Je (Research and Development Headquaters, Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry) ;
  • Ahn, Byung-Yong (Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Chonbuk National University)
  • 강주원 (전북대학교 한약자원학과) ;
  • 이승제 (전라북도생물산업진흥원) ;
  • 안병용 (전북대학교 한약자원학과)
  • Received : 2021.01.07
  • Accepted : 2021.03.13
  • Published : 2021.04.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this study, we investigated inhibitory effect of red sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on triglyceride biosynthesis in Rhodosporidium toruloides. There was no significant difference in the total lipid content of all the experimental groups including 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5% (w/v) of red sweet pepper 70% ethanol extract treatment (RSPE). However, the triglyceride content was significantly decreased in RSPE group campared to the control group. When the formation of lipid droplet in the oleaginous yeast was examined, a small amount of fluorescence was observed compared to the control as the concentration of RSPE increased. The number of cells and free fatty acid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that RSPE has an anti-obesity effect.

본 연구는 유지효모 R. toruloides를 활용하여 적색 파프리카 추출물의 중성지방 억제 효과를 확인하기 위하여 수행되었다. 대조구, 양성대조구, 0.02, 0.1 및 0.5% 적색 파프리카 70% 에탄올 추출물을 첨가한 실험구의 총 지질 함량은 각각 80.45±2.40, 86.61±11.58, 79.82±2.80, 85.30±0.91 및 92.40±12.40 mg/g으로 나타났으며, 유지효모의 중성지방 함량은 각각9.89±0.36, 7.58±1.11, 7.28±0.17, 6.68±0.35 및 5.23±0.67 mg/dL으로 나타났다. 대조구, 양성대조구, 0.02, 0.1 및 0.5% 적색 파프리카 70% 에탄올 추출물을 첨가한 실험구의 지방소적 형성을 관찰한 결과, 적색 파프리카 70% 에탄올 추출물의 첨가농도가 증가함에 따라 대조구에 비해 소량의 형광이 관찰되는 것으로 보아 유지효모 내 생성되는 지방소적이 감소됨을 확인하였다. 대조구, 양성대조구, 0.02, 0.1 및 0.5% 적색 파프리카 70% 에탄올 추출물을 첨가한 실험구의 세포수는 각각 1.90±0.16, 2.17±0.25, 1.85±0.11, 2.28±0.21 및 2.49±0.03×108 cell/mL으로 나타났으며, 유리지방산의 함량은 각각2.44±0.05, 2.71±0.07, 2.46±0.16, 2.52±0.10 및 2.98±0.14 mg/g으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과에서 적색 파프리카 70% 에탄올 추출물의 첨가농도에 따른 유지효모 내 중성지방 억제 효과, 지방소적의 감소, 세포수 및 유리지방산의 함량이 증가한 결과를 통해 적색 파프리카 70% 에탄올 추출물이 중성지방 억제 효과에 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었으며, 추후 활성 물질의 규명에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Aizawa, K. and T. Inakuma. 2009. Dietary capsanthin, the main carotenoid in paprika (Capsicum annuum), alters plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and hepatic gene expression in rats. Brit. J. Nutr. 102(12):1760-1766. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991309
  2. Bartz, R., W.H. Li, B. Venables, J.K. Zehmer, M.R. Roth, R. Welti, R.G. Anderson, P. Liu and K.D. Chapman. 2007. Lipidomics reveals that adiposomes store ether lipids and mediate phospholipid traffic. J. Lipid. Res. 48(4):837-847. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M600413-JLR200
  3. Bendich, A. 1989. Symposium conclusions: Biological actions of carotenoids. J. Nutr. 119(1):135-136. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/119.1.135
  4. Bendich, A. and S.S. Shapiro. 1986. Effect of β-carotene and canthaxanthin on the immune responses of the rat. J. Nutr. 116(11):2254-2262. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/116.11.2254
  5. Cao, Z., R.M. Umek and S.L. McKnight. 1991. Regulated expression of three C/EBP isoforms during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells. Genes Dev. 5(9):1538-1552 . https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.5.9.1538
  6. Choi, E.Y., E.S. Kim and Y.E. Lee. 2020. Anti-inflammatory effects of paprika fruit and leaf through heme oxygenase-1 induction in Raw 264.7 macrophages. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 49(6):578-585 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2020.49.6.578
  7. Frayn, K.N., S.W. Coppack, B.A. Fielding and S.M. Humphreys. 1995. Coordinated regulation of hormone sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase in human adipose tissue in vivo: Implications for the control of fat storage and fat mobilization. Adv. Enzyme. Regul. 35:163-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0065-2571(94)00011-Q
  8. Ghoshal, A.K., M. Ahluwalia and E. Farber. 1983. The rapid induction of liver cell death in rats fed a choline-deficient methioninelow diet. Am. J. Pathol. 113(3):309-314.
  9. Goldstein, J.L. and M.S. Brown. 1985. The LDL receptor and the regulation of cellular cholestrerol metabolism. J. Cell Sci. 3:131-137. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.1985.Supplement_3.13
  10. Havel, R.J. and J.P. Kane. 1995. Introduction: structure and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins: In Scriver, C.R., A.L. Beaudet, W.S. Sly, D. Valle, B. Childs, K.W. Kinzler and B. Vogelstein (eds.), The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (USA). pp. 1841-1851.
  11. Jeong, J.H. 2017. Anti-obesity effect of mulberry leaf fermented by lactic acid bacteria and development of evaluation system by using the Rhodosporidium toruloides model for anti-obesity. Department of Food science and Technology, Ph.D. Thesis, Chonbuk University, Korea (in Korean).
  12. Jeong, J.H. and H.O. Bae. 2002. Diet and exercise therapy for obesity. J. Korean Soc. Biol. Ther. Psychiatry 8(2):225-235 (in Korean).
  13. Jung, H.K., M.O. Sim, J.H. Jang, T.M. Kim, B.K. An, M.S. Kim and W.S. Jung. 2016. Anti-obesity effects of Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg L. on 3T3-L1 cell and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Korean J. Plant Res. 29(1):1-10 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.7732/kjpr.2016.29.1.001
  14. Jung, U.J. and M.S. Choi. 2014. Obesity and its metabolic complications: The role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15(4): 6184-6223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046184
  15. Jung, Y.H., Y.M. Ham, S.A. Yoon, D.J. Oh, C.S. Kim and W.J. Yoon. 2018. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Ficus erecta var. sieboldii leaf extract in murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cells. Korean J. Plant Res. 31(4):303-311. https://doi.org/10.7732/KJPR.2018.31.4.303
  16. Jung, Y.M., S.K. Ku, D.S. Lee and K.S. Kwon. 2017. Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented Opuntia humifusa extracts (fOH) increases the anti-obesity activity in mice fed a 45% kcal high fat diet. J. Life Sci. 27(6):680-687 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2017.27.6.680
  17. Kaur, C. and H.C. Kapoor. 2001. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millennium's health. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 36(7):703-725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.00513.x
  18. Kim, D.S., H.J. Eo, Y.G. Kang and G.H. Park. 2021. Anti-inflammatory effect of Berchemia berchemiaefolia leaves through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling activation in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Korean J. Plant Res. 34(1)31-36. https://doi.org/10.7732/KJPR.2021.34.1.031
  19. Kim, H.B. 2011. Nutritional analysis and cosmetic application of Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) extracts. Department of Beauty and Cosmetic, MS Thesis, Chosun University, Korea (in Korean).
  20. Kim, J.S., J. Ahn, S.J. Lee, B. Moon, T.Y. Ha and S. Kim. 2011. Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of fruits and leaves of paprika (Capsicum annuum L., var. Special) cultivated in Korea. J. Food Sci. 76(2):193-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01891.x
  21. Kim, J.S., S.B. Wang, S.K. Kang, Y.S. Cho and S.K. Park. 2009. Quality properties of white lotus leaf fermented by mycelial Paecilomyces japonica. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 38(5):594-600 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.3746/JKFN.2009.38.5.594
  22. Kim, J.S., T.Y. Ha, S. Kim, S.J. Lee and J. Ahn. 2017. Red paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) and its main carotenoid capsanthin ameliorate impaired lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J. Funct Foods. 31:131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.044
  23. Kim, K.H. 2009. Perspective in regulation of adipogenesis by bioactive food components. Food Sci. Ind. 42(4):51-57 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.23093/FSI.2009.42.4.51
  24. Kim, S.W., J.G. Kim, S.K. Kim, S.Y. Choi, U.Y. Youn and S.C. Lee. 2014. Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of different parts from different cultivar paprika. J. Basic Sci. 31:33-43 (in Korean).
  25. Kim, Y.R. and S.H. Yoon. 2015. Single cell oil-recent trends in microbial production and utilization. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 47(6):687-697 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2015.47.6.687
  26. Lavie, C.J., R.V. Milani and H.O. Ventura. 2009. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: Risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 53(21):1925-1932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.068
  27. Lee, H.S. 2017. Antioxidant of extracts from paprika and characteristics of the dried paprika by drying methods. Department of Herbal Food Science, MS Thesis, Daegu Haany University, Korea (in Korean).
  28. Lee, J.W. 1998. Crop cultivation-Techniques of cultivation and quality management for sweet pepper. Protected Hort. 11(1):17-28 (in Korean).
  29. Lee, M.S., C.T. Kim, C.J. Kim, Y.J. Cho and Y.H. Kim. 2006. Effects of Portulaca oleracea L. extract on lipolysis and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Nutr. Health 39(8):742-747 (in Korean).
  30. Lee, N.K., C.J. Cheon and J.K. Rhee. 2018. Anti-obesity effect of red radish coral sprout extract by inhibited triglyceride accumulation in a microbial evaluation system and in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28(3): 397-400. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1802.02005
  31. Lee, Y.J., B.R. Yoon, H.S. Choi, B.Y. Lee and O.H. Lee. 2012. Effect of sargassum micracanthum extract on lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Korean J. Food Preserv. 19(3):455-461 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.11002/KJFP.2012.19.3.455
  32. Li, Y.H., B. Liu, Z.B. Zhao and F.W. Bai. 2006. Optimized culture medium and fermentation conditions for lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides. Chin. J. Biotechnol. 22(4):650-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2075(06)60050-2
  33. Maoka, T., Y. Goto, K. Isobe, Y. Fujiwara, K. Hashimoto and K. Mochida. 2001. Antioxidative activity of capsorubin and related compounds from paprika (Capsicum annuum). J. Oleo. Sci. 50(8):663-665. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.50.663
  34. Matsunaga, T., M. Matsumoto, Y. Maeda, H. Sugiyama, R. Sato and T. Tanaka. 2009. Characterization of marine microalga, Scenedesmus sp. strain JPCC GA0024 toward biofuel production. Biotechnol. Lett. 31(9):1367-1372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-009-0029-y
  35. MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). 2018. General test method in food code. Retrieved from http://www.foodsafety-korea.go.kr/portal/safefoodlife/food/foodRvlv/foodRvlv.do on Mar 19, 2019.
  36. Mitchell, J.R., D.J. Jollow, W.Z. Potter, J.R. Gillette and B.B. Brodie. 1973. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 187 (1):211-217.
  37. Mokdad, A.H., B.A. Bowman, E.S. Ford, F. Vinicor, J.S. Marks and J.P. Koplan. 2001. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. Jama. 286(10):1195-1200. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.10.1195
  38. Nam, S.J. and J.H. Park. 2012. Depression and stress related to obesity among normal, obese, and severe obese groups-comparison among normal, obesity, and severe obesity groups. Korean J. Hum. Ecol. 21(6):1199-1210 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2012.21.6.1199
  39. Park, J.H., C.S. Kim and S.K. Noh. 2010. Effects of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) on serum lipid profile and α-tocopherol concentration in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Korean J. Food & Nutr. 23(3):311-317.
  40. Park, M.E., C.H. Lee and H.J. Lee. 2019. Effects of Lonicera caerulea extract on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and mouse adipose-derived stem cells (MADSCs). J. Nutr. Health. 52(1):17-25 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2019.52.1.17
  41. Passoth, V. 2017. Lipids of yeasts and filamentous fungi and their importance for biotechnology: In Sibirny, A.A. (ed.), Biotechnology of Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi, Springer, Cham., Berlin, Germany. pp. 149-204.
  42. Peter, C. and G. Williams. 2001. Drug treatment of obesity: from past failures to future successes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 51(1):13-25. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01294.x
  43. Rosen, E.D., C.J. Walkey, P. Puigserver and B.M. Spiegelman. 2000. Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. Genes Dev. 14:1293-1307. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.14.11.1293
  44. Schhen, A.J. and P.J. Lefebvre. 1999. Pharmacological treatment of obesity : present status. Int. J. Obesity. 23(1):47-53.
  45. Sha, Q. 2013. A comparative study on four oleaginous yeasts on their lipid accumulating capacity. Fac. Nat. Resour. Agric. Sci. 6:1-32.
  46. Song, M.Y., H.W. Jung and Y.K. Park. 2016. Antiobesity effect of water extract of Coix lacrymajobi var. mayuen in high fat fed C5BL/6 mice. J. Korean Med. Obes. Res. 16(1):27-35 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.15429/jkomor.2016.16.1.27
  47. Tepic, A.N., G.R. Dimic, B.L. Vujicic, Z.S. Kevresan, M. Varga and Z.M. Sumic. 2008. Quality of commercial ground paprika and its oleoresins. Acta. Periodica. Technologica. 39:77-83. https://doi.org/10.2298/APT0839077T
  48. Wiebe, M.G. K. Koiv uranta, M. Penttila and L. Ruohonen. 2012. Lipid production in batch and fed-batch cultures of Rhodosporidium toruloides from 5 and 6 carbon carbohydrates. BMC Biotechnol. 12(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6750-12-26
  49. Yaegashi, J., J. Kirby, M. Ito, J. Sun, T. Dutta, M. Mirsiaghi, E. Sundstrom, A. Rodriguez, E. Baidoo, D. Tanjore, T. Pray, K. Sale, S. Singh, J. Keasling, B. Simmons, S. Singer, J. Magnuson, A. Arkin, J. Skerker and J. Gladden. 2017. Rhodosporidium toruloides: A new platform organism for conversion of lignocellulose into terpene biofuels and bioproducts. Biotechnol. Biofuels 10(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0693-9
  50. Yu, M.H., H.J. Lee, H.G. Im, S.O. Lee and I.S. Lee. 2006. Induction of quinone reductase activity in hepatoma cells by paprika (Capsicum annuum L.). Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 38(5):707-711.
  51. Zhu, Z., Y. Ding, Z. Gong, L. Yang, S. Zhang, C. Zhang, X. Lin, H. Shen, H. Zou, Z. Xie, F. Yang, X. Zhao, P. Liu and Z. Zhao. 2015. Dynamics of the lipid droplet proteome of the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Eukaryot. Cell. 14(3):252-264. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00141-14
  52. Zhu, Z.W., S.F. Zhang, H.W. Liu, H.W. Shen, X.P. Lin, F. Yang, Y.J.J. Zhou, G.J. Jin, M.L. Ye, H.F. Zou and Z.B.K. Zhao. 2012. A multi-omic map of the lipid-producing yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Nat. Commun. 3(1):1-12.