DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Non-linear Pushover Analysis and simulation of progressive collapse mechanisms using FE Models for Nativity Church

  • Almassri, Belal M. (Civil and Architectural Engineering Department, Palestine Polytechnic University) ;
  • Safiyeh, Ali A. (Civil Engineering Department, An-Najah National University)
  • 투고 : 2020.10.28
  • 심사 : 2021.05.21
  • 발행 : 2021.08.25

초록

This paper presents some advanced finite element FE analyses conducted on one of the most historic structures in the world. The Church of Nativity located in Bethlehem (Palestine). To ensure the model quality, a 3D FE model was created using two different commercial software, DIANA FEA and SAP2000, one of the expected behaviors for this kind of masonry structure "low modal period" was found. The seismic behavior of the church was studied using pushover analyses, which were conducted using DIANA FEA as well as a dynamic analysis using SAP2000 is carried out using the accelerogram (1940 El Centro earthquake) to simulate a complete progressive collapse process. The first unidirectional mass proportional load pattern was created in both directions, X direction as a longitudinal direction and Y direction as the transversal direction. An incremental iterative procedure was used with monotonically increasing horizontal loads, using constant gravity loads. The results showed that the transversal direction is the most vulnerable and the damage concentrates at the main lateral (longitudinal) walls, mainly at the south and north alignment walls, and also at the vaults and at the connections of the vaults to the apse. A more accurate nonlinear dynamic analysis is recommended in the near future, which takes into account the material nonlinearity for good seismic behavior, anticipation for such an important monument, and heritage.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Alessandri, C. and Turrioni, J. (2018), "The church of the nativity in Bethlehem: Analysis of a local structural consolidation", Int. J. Civil Eng., 16(5), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0148-0.
  2. Artar, M., Coban, K., Yurdakul, M., Can, O., Yilmaz, F. and Yildiz, M.B. (2019), "Investigation on seismic isolation retrofit of a historical masonry structure", Earthq. Struct., 16(4), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2019.16.4.501.
  3. Betti, M. and Vignoli, A. (2008), "Assessment of seismic resistance of a basilica-type church under earthquake loading: Modeling and analysis", Advan. Eng. Software, 39(4), 258-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2007.01.004.
  4. Chalioris, C.E., Tsioukas, V.E., Favvata, M.J and Karayannis, C.G. (2013), "Recording historic masonry buildings using photogrammetry-two case studies", InCOMPDYN: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering, Kos Island, Greece.
  5. Dogangun, A. and Sezen, H. (2012), "Seismic vulnerability and preservation of historical masonry monumental structures", Earthq. Struct., 3(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2012.3.1.083.
  6. Fajfar, P. (2000), "A nonlinear analysis method for performance-based seismic design", Earthq. Spectra, 16(3), 573-592. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586128.
  7. Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Ademovic, N., Pavic, G. and Sipos, T.K. (2018), "Strengthening techniques for masonry structures of cultural heritage according to recent Croatian provisions", Earthq. Struct., 15(5), 473-485. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2018.15.5.473.
  8. Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Pavic, G. and Lesic, M. (2016), "Seismic vulnerability of old confined masonry buildings in Osijek, Croatia", Earthq. Struct., 11(4), 629-648. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.11.4.629.
  9. IBC (2015), International Building Code. International Building Council, Inc.
  10. Kalkbrenner, P., Pela, L., and Sandoval, C. (2019), "Multi directional pushover analysis of irregular masonry buildings without box behavior", Eng, Struct., 201, 109534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109534.
  11. Karantoni, F., Tsionis, G., Lyrantzaki, F. and Fardis. M.N. (2014), "Seismic fragility of regular masonry buildings for in-plane and out-of-plane failure", Earthq. Struct., 6(6), 689-713. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.6.6.689.
  12. Karantoni, F.V. (2013), "Seismic retrofitting of Fragavilla Monastery", Earthq. Struct., 5(2), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.5.2.207.
  13. Kouris, E.G., Kouris, L.A., Konstantinidis, A.A., Karayannis, C.G. and Aifantis, E.C. (2021), "Assessment and fragility of Byzantine unreinforced masonry towers". Infrastruct., 6(3), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030040.
  14. Lagomarsino, S. (2006), "On the vulnerability assessment of monumental buildings", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 4(4), 445-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9025-y.
  15. Lourenco, P.B. (2002), "Computations on historic masonry structures", Progress Struct. Eng. Mater., 4(3), 301-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.120.
  16. Lourenco, P.B., Mendes, N., Ramos, L.F. and Oliveira, D.V. (2011), "Analysis of masonry structures without box behavior", Int. J. Architect. Heritage, 5(4-5), 369-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2010.528824.
  17. Lourenco, P.B., Roque, J.C.A and Oliveira, D.V. (2012), "Seismic safety assessment of the Church of Monastery of Jeronimos, Portugal", 15th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Florianopolis, Santa Caterina, Brazil, June. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/21477.
  18. Magenes, G. (2000), "A method for pushover analysis in seismic assessment of masonry buildings", In Proceedings of The 12th World Conference On Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zeland, January.
  19. Milani, G. and Valente, M. (2015a), "Comparative pushover and limit analyses on seven masonry churches damaged by the 2012 Emilia-Romagna (Italy) seismic events: Possibilities of nonlinear finite elements compared with pre-assigned failure mechanisms", Eng. Fail. Analy., 47 (PartA), 129-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.09.016.
  20. Milani, G. and Valente, M. (2015b), "Failure analysis of seven masonry churches severely damaged during the 2012 Emilia-Romagna (Italy) earthquake: Non-linear dynamic analyses vs conventional static approaches", Eng. Fail. Analy., 54, 13-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.03.016.
  21. Milani, G., Valente, M. and Alessandri, C. (2016), "Nativity church in Bethlehem: Full 3D non-linear FE approach for structural damage prediction", In ECCOMAS-VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Crete, Greece, June. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2358799.
  22. Moratti, M., Gaia, F., Martini, S., Tsioli, C., Grecchi, G., Casotto, C., Calvi, G.M., Den Hertog, D., Calvi, P.M. and Proestos, G.T. (2019), "A methodology for the seismic multilevel assessment of unreinforced masonry church inventories in the Groningen area", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 17(8), 4625-4650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00575-7.
  23. Noel, M.F., Moreira, S., Briceno, C., Lopez-Hurtado, E. and Aguilar, R. (2019), "Seismic assessment of the Church of San Sebastian in Cusco, Peru by means of pushover nonlinear analysis", Struct. Analy. Historic. Construct., 18, 1462-1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_157.
  24. Palacio, K. (2013), "Practical recommendations for nonlinear structural analysis in DIANA". TNO DIANA BV, Delft.
  25. Ramirez, R., Mendes, N. and Lourenco, P.B. (2019), "Diagnosis and seismic behavior evaluation of the Church of Sao Miguel de Refojos (Portugal)", Build., 9(6), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9060138.
  26. Ranjbaran, F. and Hosseini, M. (2014), "Seismic vulnerability assessment of confined masonry wall buildings", Earthq. Struct., 7(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.7.2.201.
  27. Reyes, J.C. and Chopra, A.K. (2012), "Modal pushover-based scaling of two components of ground motion records for nonlinear RHA of structures", Earthq. Spectra, 28(3), 1243-1267. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000069.
  28. Roque, J., Oliveira, D.V., Ferreira, T.M. and Lourenco, P.B. (2019), "Nonlinear dynamic analysis for safety assessment of heritage buildings: Church of Santa Maria de Belem", J. Struct. Eng., 145(12), 04019153. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002437.
  29. Rossi, M., Calderini, C., Roselli, I., Mongelli, M., De Canio, G. and Lagomarsino, S. (2020), "Seismic analysis of a masonry cross vault through shaking table tests: the case study of the Dey Mosque in Algiers", Earthq. Struct., 18(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2020.18.1.057.
  30. Shomali, Q. (2003), "Church of the Nativity: History & structure", In Proceedings of the International Congress More than Two Thousand Years in the History of Architecture, UNESCO, Paris, December.
  31. Soulis, V.J. and Manos, G.C. (2019), "Numerical simulation and failure analysis of St. Konstantinos Church, after the Kozani Earthquake", Int. J. Civil Eng., 17(7), 949-967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-018-0345-5.
  32. Tezcan, S., Tambe, N., Muir, C., Aguilar, R. and Perucchio, R. (2019), "Nonlinear FE analysis of the response to lateral accelerations of the triumphal arch of the Church of Andahuaylillas, Peru", Struct. Analy. Historic. Construct., 18, 1301-1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_139.
  33. Touqan, A.R. and Salawdeh, S. (2015), "Major steps needed towards earthquake resistant design", In The 6 Jordanian International Civil Engineering Conference (JICEC06), Amman, March.
  34. Tsonos, A.G. (2007), "Effectiveness of CFRP jackets in post-earthquake and pre-earthquake retrofitting of beam-column subassemblages", Struct. Eng. Mech., 27(4), 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.008.
  35. Tzanakis, M.J., Papagiannopoulos, G.A. and Hatzigeorgiou, G.D. (2016), "Seismic response and retrofitting proposals of the St. Titus Chruch, Heraklion, Crete, Greece", Earthq. Struct., 10(6), 1347-1367. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.10.6.1347
  36. Ural, A. (2017), "Masonry building behaviors during the February 6-12, 2017 Ayvacik-Canakkale Earthquakes", Earthq. Struct., 17(4), 355-363. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2019.17.4.355.