Membrane and Water Treatment

  • 제12권4호
  • /
  • Pages.187-194
  • /
  • 2021
  • /
  • 2005-8624(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-7037(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Removal of short- and long-chain perfluorinated compounds from surface water by coagulation

  • Park, Ji Won (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University) ;
  • Noh, Jin Hyung (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University) ;
  • Yoon, Seon Won (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University) ;
  • Samiya, Samiya (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University) ;
  • Choi, Byeong Gyu (Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, Environmental Infrastructure Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Kim, Gyoo-Bum (Department of Construction Safety and Disaster Prevention, Daejeon University) ;
  • Oh, Heekyong (Convergence Technology Research Team, Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology) ;
  • Maeng, Sung Kyu (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University)
  • 투고 : 2021.03.06
  • 심사 : 2021.06.30
  • 발행 : 2021.07.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Per- and poly-fluorinated compounds (PFCs) are persistently found during drinking water treatment processes, which can also be found in tap water. However, the mechanisms for removing PFCs during drinking water treatment processes have not been fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of coagulation on the removal of short- and long-chain PFCs. The PFCs mixture (C5-C10) resulted in a lower removal efficacy via coagulation treatment, and the average removals of selected PFCs were found to be below 5%. Only long-chain perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (C10) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were significantly removed via coagulation. The removals of suspended particles and bacterial cells via coagulation were correlated with the reduction of PFDA and PFOS. However, higher turbidity, humic substances, and biopolymers in the source water were found to significantly reduce the removal efficiency of PFDA and PFOS, resulting in insignificant changes between the PFC species. We concluded that coagulation was not effective in removing selected PFCs, hence, a multiple-barrier treatment strategy is needed for PFC removal.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by the Korea Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through the "Demand Responsive Water Supply Service Program (#146523)". Additional support was provided by the Korea Ministry of Environment "Global Top Project (2016002110002)".

참고문헌

  1. Ateia, M., Arifuzzaman, M., Pellizzeri, S., Attia, M.F., Tharayil, N., Anker, J.N. and Karanfil, T. (2019), "Cationic polymer for selective removal of GenX and short-chain PFAS from surface waters and wastewaters at ng/L levels", Water Res., 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.114874.
  2. Bao, Y., Niu, J., Xu, Z., Gao, D., Shi, J., Sun, X. and Huang, Q (2014), "Removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) from water by coagulation: Mechanisms and influencing factors", J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 434, 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.041.
  3. Berney, M., Vital, M., Hulshoff, I., Weilenmann, H.-U., Egli, T. and Hammes, F. (2008), "Rapid, cultivation-independent assessment of microbial viability in drinking water", Water Res., 42(14), 4010-4018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.017.
  4. Brendel, S., Fetter, E., Staude, C., Vierke, L. and Biegel-Engler, A. (2018), "Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: Environmental concerns and a regulatory strategy under REACH", Environ. Sci. Eur., 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0134-4.
  5. Dixit, F., Barbeau, B., Mostafavi, S.G. and Mohseni, M. (2019), "PFOA and PFOS removal by ion exchange for water reuse and drinking applications: Role of organic matter characteristics", Environ. Sci. Water Res., 5(10), 1782-1795. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EW00409B.
  6. Gao, S.C., Cao, Z.Z., Niu, Q.G., Zong, W.S. and Liu, R.T. (2019), "Probing the toxicity of long-chain fluorinated surfactants: Interaction mechanism between perfluorodecanoic acid and lysozyme", J. Mol. Liq., 285, 607-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.134.
  7. Jin, Y.H., Liu, W., Sato, I., Nakayama, S.F., Sasaki, K., Saito, N. and Tsuda, S. (2009), "PFOS and PFOA in environmental and tap water in China", Chemosphere, 77(5), 605-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.058.
  8. Key, B.D., Howell, R.D. and Criddle, C.S. (1997), "Fluorinated organics in the biosphere", Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(9), 2445-2454. https://doi.org/10.1021/es961007c.
  9. Kim, K.Y., Ekpe, O.D., Lee, H.J. and Oh, J.E. (2020), "Perfluoroalkyl substances and pharmaceuticals removal in full-scale drinking water treatment plants", J. Hazard. Mater., 400, 123235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123235.
  10. Kim, K.Y., Ndabambi, M., Choi, S. and Oh, J.E. (2021), "Legacy and novel perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in industrial wastewater and the receiving river water: Temporal changes in relative abundances of regulated compounds and alternatives", Water Res., 191, 116830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.116830.
  11. Kim, M.K. and Zoh, K.D. (2016), "Occurrence and removals of micropollutants in water environment", Environ. Eng. Res., 21(4), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2016.115.
  12. Kunacheva, C., Fujii, S., Tanaka, S., Seneviratne, S.T., Lien, N.P., Nozoe, M., Kimura, K., Shivakoti, B.R. and Harada, H. (2012), "Worldwide surveys of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water environment in recent years", Water Sci. Technol., 66(12), 2764-2771. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.518.
  13. Li, J., Jiao, S.F., Zhong, L., Pan, J.F. and Ma, Q.M. (2013), "Optimizing coagulation and flocculation process for kaolinite suspension with chitosan", Colloid Surface A, 428, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.03.034.
  14. Li, Y.N., Li, J.F., Zhang, L.F., Huang, Z.P., Liu, Y.Q., Wu, N., He, J.H., Zhang, Z.Z., Zhang, Y. and Niu, Z.G. (2019), "Perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water of China in 2017: Distribution characteristics, influencing factors and potential risks", Environ. Int., 123, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.036.
  15. McCleaf, P., Englund, S., Ostlund, A., Lindegren, K., Wiberg, K. and Ahrens, L. (2017), "Removal efficiency of multiple poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water using granular activated carbon (GAC) and anion exchange (AE) column tests", Water Res., 120, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.057.
  16. Noh, J.H., Lee, S.H., Choi, J.W. and Maeng, S.K. (2018), "Dissolved organic matter characteristics and bacteriological changes during phosphorus removal using ladle furnace slag", Membr. Water Treat., 9(3), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2018.9.3.181.
  17. Park, J.W., Kim, H.C., Meyer, A.S., Kim, S. and Maeng, S.K. (2016), "Influences of NOM composition and bacteriological characteristics on biological stability in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant", Chemosphere, 160, 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.079.
  18. Pierpaoli, M., Szopinska, M., Wilk, B.K., Sobaszek, M., Luczkiewicz, A., Bogdanowicz, R. and Fudala-Ksiazek, S. (2021), "Electrochemical oxidation of PFOA and PFOS in landfill leachates at low and highly boron-doped diamond electrodes", J. Hazard. Mater., 403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123606.
  19. Pramanik, B.K. (2015), "Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the water environment and their removal in a water treatment process", J. Water Reuse Desal., 5(2), 196-210. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.068.
  20. Pramanik, B.K., Pramanik, S.K., Sarker, D.C. and Suja, F. (2017), "Removal of emerging perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate contaminants from lake water", Environ. Technol., 38(15), 1937-1942. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1240716.
  21. Pramanik, B.K., Pramanik, S.K. and Suja, F. (2015), "A comparative study of coagulation, granular- and powdered-activated carbon for the removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in drinking water treatment", Environ. Technol., 36(20), 2610-2617. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1040079.
  22. Rahman, M.F., Peldszus, S. and Anderson, W.B. (2014), "Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: A review", Water Res., 50, 318-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045.
  23. Renner, R. (2006), "The long and the short of perfluorinated replacements", Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(1), 12-13. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062612a
  24. Rostkowski, P., Yamashita, N., So, I.M., Taniyasu, S., Lam, P.K., Falandysz, J., Lee, K.T., Kim, S.K., Khim, J.S., Im, S.H., Newsted, J.L., Jones, P.D., Kannan, K. and Giesy, J.P. (2006), "Perfluorinated compounds in streams of the Shihwa Industrial Zone and Lake Shihwa, South Korea", Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25(9), 2374-2380. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-627R.1.
  25. Sharp, E.L., Parsons, S.A. and Jefferson, B. (2006), "Seasonal variations in natural organic matter and its impact on coagulation in water treatment", Sci. Total Environ., 363(1-3), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.032.
  26. Sillanpaa, M., Ncibi, M.C., Matilainen, A. and Vepsalainen, M. (2018), "Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation: A comprehensive review", Chemosphere, 190, 54-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.113.
  27. Son, H.J., Hwang, Y.D., Yoom, H.S., Choi, J.T. and Kwon, K.W. (2013), "Detection of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in Nakdong River basin", J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng., 35(2), 84. https://doi.org/10.4491/KSEE.2013.35.2.084.
  28. Trojanowicz, M., Bojanowska-Czajka, A., Bartosiewicz, I. and Kulisa, K. (2018), "Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes treatment for aqueous perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) - A review of recent advances", Chem. Eng. J., 336, 170-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.153.
  29. US EPA. (2009), Method 537.1: Determination of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
  30. Xiao, F., Simcik, M.F. and Gulliver, J.S. (2013), "Mechanisms for removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) from drinking water by conventional and enhanced coagulation", Water Res., 47(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.024.
  31. Xu, W.Y., Chen, Y.Y., Liang, H.K., Sang, G.Q., Wei, D., Wang, D.S. and Du, B. (2019), "A comparison study of in-situ coagulation and magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) as pre-treatments for ultrafiltration: Evaluating effectiveness of organic matters removals and fouling mitigation", Chemosphere, 214, 633-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.136.
  32. Yu, Y., Zhao, C.W., Yu, L., Li, P., Wang, T. and Xu, Y. (2016), "Removal of perfluorooctane sulfonates from water by a hybrid coagulation-nanofiltration process", Chem. Eng. J., 289, 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.12.048.
  33. Zhang, Y.Z., Wang, B., Wang, W., Li, W.C., Huang, J., Deng, S.B., Wang, Y.J. and Yu, G. (2016), "Occurrence and source apportionment of Per- and poly-fluorinated compounds (PFCs) in North Canal Basin, Beijing", Sci. Rep, 6, 36683. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36683.