Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Institute of Convergence Science (ICONS) and the International Olympic Committee Research Centre KOREA for Prevention of Injury and Protection Athlete Health supported by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
References
- Bahr, R. (2009). No injuries, but plenty of pain? On the methodology for recording overuse symptoms in sports. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(13), 966-972. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.066936
- Balasukumaran, T., Gottlieb, U. & Springer, S. (2020). Spatiotemporal gait characteristics and ankle kinematics of backward walking in people with chronic ankle instability. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56847-4
- Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J. & Stitt, L. W. (1988). Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. The Journal of Rheumatology, 15(12), 1833-1840.
- Binkley, J. M., Stratford, P. W., Lott, S. A. & Riddle, D. L. (1999). The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): Scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. North American Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Research Network. Physical Therapy, 79(4), 371-383.
- Bramah, C., Preece, S. J., Gill, N. & Herrington, L. (2018). Is there a pathological gait associated with common soft tissue running injuries?. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(12), 3023-3031. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518793657
- Clarsen, B., Myklebust, G. & Bahr, R. (2013). Development and validation of a new method for the registration of overuse injuries in sports injury epidemiology: The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC) overuse injury questionnaire. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(8), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091524
- Clement, N. D., Weir, D. J., Holland, J. & Deehan, D. J. (2019). Is there a threshold preoperative WOMAC score that predicts patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty?. The Journal of Knee Surgery.
- Cote, K. P., Brunet, M. E., Gansneder, B. M. & Shultz, S. J. (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(1), 41-46.
- Dingemans, S. A., Kleipool, S. C., Mulders, M. A., Winkelhagen, J., Schep, N. W., Goslings, J. C. & Schepers, T. (2017). Normative data for the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS). Acta Orthopaedica, 88(4), 422-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2017.1309886
- DiFiori, J. P., Benjamin, H. J., Brenner, J. S., Gregory, A., Jayanthi, N., Landry, G. L. & Luke, A. (2014). Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 287-288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093299
- Donatelli, R., Wooden, M., Ekedahl, S., Wilkes, J., Cooper, J. & Bush, A. (1999). Relationship between static and dynamic foot postures in professional baseball players. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 29(6), 316-330. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1999.29.6.316
- Eggold, J. F. (1981). Orthotics in the prevention of runners' overuse injuries. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 9(3), 124-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1981.11711037
- Eizentals, P., Katashev, A., Oks, A., Pavare, Z. & Balcuna, D. (2019). Detection of excessive pronation and supination for walking and running gait with smart socks. Proceedings of World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018. Singapore: Springer.
- Fernandez-Seguin, L. M., Diaz Mancha, J. A., Sanchez Rodriguez, R., Escamilla Martinez, E., Gomez Martin, B. & Ramos Ortega, J. (2014). Comparison of plantar pressures and contact area between normal and cavus foot. Gait & Posture, 39(2), 789-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.10.018
- Gribble, P. A., Delahunt, E., Bleakley, C., Caulfield, B., Docherty, C. L., Fourchet, F., Fong, D., Hertel, J., Hiller, C., Kaminski, T. W., McKeon, P. O., Refshauge, K. M., van der wees, P., Vincenzino, B. & Wikstrom, E. (2013). Selection criteria for patients with chronic ankle instability in controlled research: A position statement of the International Ankle Consortium. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 43(8), 585-591. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2013.0303
- Ha, S. M. (2015). Reliability & Validity of CAI Assessment Questionary: Korea Version. Un-published Master's Thesis. Graduate School of Yonsei University.
- Iijima, H., Ohi, H., Isho, T., Aoyama, T., Fukutani, N., Kaneda, E., Ohi, K., Abe, K., Kuroki, H. & Matsuda, S. (2017). Association of bilateral flat feet with knee pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 35(11), 2490-2498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23565
- Jeon, H. G., Jeong, H. S., Kim, C. Y. & Lee, S. Y. (2021). The effects of chronic ankle instability on dysfunction and pain of the knee joint and lower extremity. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 60(1), 651-662. https://doi.org/10.23949/kjpe.2021.1.60.1.47
- Kharb, A., Saini, V., Jain, Y. K. & Dhiman, S. (2011). A review of gait cycle and its parameters. IJCEM International Journal of Computational Engineering & Management, 13, 78-83.
- Kibler, W. B. (2000). Closed kinetic chain rehabilitation for sports injuries. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 11(2), 369-384.
- Kim, J. G., Oh, S. J., Lee, M. C., Seo, S. S., Choi, C. H. & Yoo, J. H. (2008). Cross cultural adaptation and translating the IKDC subjective form into the Korean language. Knee Surgery and Related Research, 20(2), 161-168.
- Kim, S. J., Park, K. H. & Kim, Y. E. (1999). Functional, clinical and practical researches on the foot arch. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 9(1), 1-16.
- Kogler, G. F., Solomonidis, S. E. & Paul, J. P. (1995). In vitro method for quantifying the effectiveness of the longitudinal arch support mechanism of a foot orthosis. Clinical Biomechanics, 10(5), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(95)99802-9
- Kosashvili, Y., Fridman, T., Backstein, D., Safir, O. & Bar Ziv, Y. (2008). The correlation between pes planus and anterior knee or intermittent low back pain. Foot and Ankle International, 29(9), 910-913. https://doi.org/10.3113/fai.2008.0910
- Lee, I., Jeon, H. G., Lee, S. Y. & Ha, S. (2020). A study on health-related quality of life in retired athletes. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 59(4), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.23949/kjpe.2020.7.59.4.26
- Lee, K. W., Jung, K. S., Seo, H. D. & Chung, Y. J. (2011). Reliability and validity of the korean version of lower extremity functional scale in patients with lower-extremity musculoskeletal dysfunction. The Research Institute for Special Education & Rehabilitation Science, 50(3), 451-467.
- Lee, S. C., Kim, C. Y. & Lee, S. Y. (2019). The effects of wedge posting location of foot orthotic on running kinematics and eye-closed single leg balance of the lower extremity. Korean Society of Sport and Leisure Studies, 77, 477-486. https://doi.org/10.51979/KSSLS.2019.07.77.477
- Lee, S. Y., Hertel, J. & Lee, S. C. (2010). Rearfoot eversion has indirect effects on plantar fascia tension by changing the amount of arch collapse. The Foot, 20(2-3), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2010.06.003
- Lee, S. Y., McKeon, P. & Hertel, J. (2009). Does the use of orthoses improve self-reported pain and function measures in patients with plantar fasciitis? A meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport, 10(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.09.002
- Letafatkar, A., Zandi, S., Khodayi, M. & Vashmesara, J. B. (2013). Flat foot deformity, Q angle and knee pain are interrelated in wrestlers. Journal of Novel Physiotherapies, 3(2), 138.
- Levinger, P., Murley, G. S., Barton, C. J., Cotchett, M. P., McSweeney, S. R. & Menz, H. B. (2010). A comparison of foot kinematics in people with normal- and flat-arched feet using the Oxford Foot Model. Gait & Posture, 32(4), 519-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.07.013
- Lung, C. W., Yang, S. W. & Hsieh, L. F. (2009). Is the arch index meaningful. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 19(2), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2009.19.2.187
- Martin, R. L., Irrgang, J. J., Burdett, R. G., Conti, S. F. & Van Swearingen, J. M. (2005). Evidence of validity for the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM). Foot & Ankle International, 26(11), 968-983. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070502601113
- Matheson, G. O., Clement, D. B., McKenzie, D. C., Taunton, J. E., Lloyd-Smith, D. R. & MacIntyre, J. G. (1987). Stress fractures in athletes. A study of 320 cases. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658701500107
- Moen, M. H., Bongers, T., Bakker, E. W., Zimmermann, W. O., Weir, A., Tol, J. L. & Backx, F. J. (2012). Risk factors and prognostic indicators for medial tibial stress syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01144.x
- Moreira, B. S., Sampaio, R. F. & Kirkwood, R. N. (2015). Spatiotemporal gait parameters and recurrent falls in community-dwelling elderly women: A prospective study. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 19(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0067
- Morris, J. M. (1977). Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, (122), 10-17.
- Morrison, K. E. & Kaminski, T. W. (2007). Foot characteristics in association with inversion ankle injury. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(1), 135-142.
- Neal, B. S., Griffiths, I. B., Dowling, G. J., Murley, G. S., Munteanu, S. E., Smith, M. M. F., Collins, N. J. & Barton, C. J. (2014). Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 7(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-014-0055-4
- Neptune, R. R., Sasaki, K. & Kautz, S. A. (2008). The effect of walking speed on muscle function and mechanical energetics. Gait & Posture, 28(1), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.11.004
- Nigg, B. M., Cole, G. K. & Nachbauer, W. (1993). Effects of arch height of the foot on angular motion of the lower extremities in running. Journal of Biomechanics, 26(8), 909-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(93)90053-H
- Novacheck, T. F. (1998). The biomechanics of running. Gait & Posture, 7(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(97)00038-6
- Oh, J. Y., Yang, Y. J., Kim, B. S. & Kang, J. H. (2007). Validity and reliability of Korean version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 28(7), 532-541.
- Outerbridge, R. A. & Micheli, L. J. (1995). Overuse injuries in the young athlete. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 14(3), 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30205-2
- Park, S. B., Park, J. Y. & Kim, K. H. (2010). Biomechanical analysis of arch support devices on normal and low arch. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 20(1), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2010.20.1.091
- Prachgosin, T., Chong, D. Y., Leelasamran, W., Smithmaitrie, P. & Chatpun, S. (2015). Medial longitudinal arch biomechanics evaluation during gait in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 17(4), 121-130.
- Rachmawati, M. R., Tulaar, A. B. M., Immanuel, S., Purba, A., Mansyur, M., Haryadi, R. D., Hadisoebroto, I., Husni, A. & Ibrahim, N. (2016). Correcting of pronated feet reduce skeletal muscle injury in young women with biomechanical abnormalities. Anatomy & Cell Biology, 49(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2016.49.1.15
- Razeghi, M. & Batt, M. E. (2002). Foot type classification: A critical review of current methods. Gait & Posture, 15(3), 282-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00151-5
- Roos, K. G., Marshall, S. W., Kerr, Z. Y., Golightly, Y. M., Kucera, K. L., Myers, J. B., Rosamond, W. D. & Comstock, R. D. (2015). Epidemiology of overuse injuries in collegiate and high school athletics in the United States. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(7), 1790-1797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515580790
- Sanchis-Sales, E., Sancho-Bru, J. L., Roda-Sales, A. & Pascual-Huerta, J. (2018). Effect of static foot posture on the dynamic stiffness of foot joints during walking. Gait & Posture, 62, 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.028
- Souza, T. R., Pinto, R. Z., Trede, R. G., Kirkwood, R. N. & Fonseca, S. T. (2010). Temporal couplings between rearfoot-shank complex and hip joint during walking. Clinical Biomechanics, 25(7), 745-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.04.012
- Springer, S., Gottlieb, U. & Lozin, M. (2016). Spatiotemporal gait parameters as predictors of lower-limb overuse injuries in military training. The Scientific World Journal, 2016.
- Tate, J. J. & Milner, C. E. (2010). Real-time kinematic, temporospatial, and kinetic biofeedback during gait retraining in patients: A systematic review. Physical Therapy, 90(8), 1123-1134. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080281
- Tiberio, D. (1987). The effect of excessive subtalar joint pronation on patellofemoral mechanics: A theoretical model. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 9(4), 160-165. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1987.9.4.160
- Turcot, K., Armand, S., Lubbeke, A., Fritschy, D., Hoffmeyer, P. & Suva, D. (2013). Does knee alignment influence gait in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis?. Clinical Biomechanics, 28(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.09.004
- Wikstrom, E. A., Song, K., Migel, K. & Hass, C. J. (2020). Altered vertical ground reaction force components while walking in individuals with chronic ankle instability. International Journal of Athletic Therapy & Training, 25(1), 27-30. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2018-0117
- Williams, D. S. III, Davis, I. M., Scholz, J. P., Hamill, J. & Buchanan, T. S. (2004). High-arched runners exhibit increased leg stiffness compared to low-arched runners. Gait & Posture, 19(3), 263-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(03)00087-0
- Williams, D. S. III, Davis, I. M., Hamill, J. & Buchanan, T. S. (2001). Lower extremity kinematic and kinetic differences in runners with high and low arches. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17(2), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.17.2.153
- Wong, L., Hunt, A., Burns, J. & Crosbie, J. (2008). Effect of foot morphology on center-of-pressure excursion during barefoot walking. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 98(2), 112-117. https://doi.org/10.7547/0980112
- Zago, M., Sforza, C., Pacifici, I., Cimolin, V., Camerota, F., Celletti, C., Condoluci, C., De Pandis, M. F. & Galli, M. (2018). Gait evaluation using inertial measurement units in subjects with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 42, 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.06.009