Acknowledgement
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81601482 and 81701679).
References
- Weissenborn K. Hepatic encephalopathy: definition, clinical grading and diagnostic principles. Drugs 2019;79:5-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-1018-z
- Garcia-Martinez R, Rovira A, Alonso J, Jacas C, Simon-Talero M, Chavarria L, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with posttransplant cognitive function and brain volume. Liver Transpl 2011;17:38-46 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.22197
- Hadjihambi A, Arias N, Sheikh M, Jalan R. Hepatic encephalopathy: a critical current review. Hepatol Int 2018;12:135-147 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9812-3
- Wong RJ, Aguilar M, Gish RG, Cheung R, Ahmed A. The impact of pretransplant hepatic encephalopathy on survival following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2015;21:873-880 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24153
- Hopp AE, Dirks M, Petrusch C, Goldbecker A, Tryc AB, Barg-Hock H, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy is reversible in the long term after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2019;25:1661-1672 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25626
- Kornerup LS, Pflugrad H, Weissenborn K, Vilstrup H, Dam G. Cognitive impairment after liver transplantation: residual hepatic encephalopathy or posttransplant encephalopathy? Hepat Med 2019;11:41-46 https://doi.org/10.2147/HMER.S144667
- Sotil EU, Gottstein J, Ayala E, Randolph C, Blei AT. Impact of preoperative overt hepatic encephalopathy on neurocognitive function after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009;15:184-192 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.21593
- Campagna F, Montagnese S, Schiff S, Biancardi A, Mapelli D, Angeli P, et al. Cognitive impairment and electroencephalographic alterations before and after liver transplantation: what is reversible? Liver Transpl 2014;20:977-986 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.23909
- Chen HJ, Zhu XQ, Shu H, Yang M, Zhang Y, Ding J, et al. Structural and functional cerebral impairments in cirrhotic patients with a history of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:2463-2469 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.10.008
- Qi R, Zhang L, Wu S, Zhong J, Zhang Z, Zhong Y, et al. Altered resting-state brain activity at functional MR imaging during the progression of hepatic encephalopathy. Radiology 2012;264:187-195 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12111429
- Tao R, Zhang J, You Z, Wei L, Fan Y, Cui J, et al. The thalamus in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy: a volumetric MRI study. Eur J Radiol 2013;82:e715-e720 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.07.029
- Ahl B, Weissenborn K, van den Hoff J, Fischer-Wasels D, Kostler H, Hecker H, et al. Regional differences in cerebral blood flow and cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004;40:73-79 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20290
- Qi R, Xu Q, Zhang LJ, Zhong J, Zheng G, Wu S, et al. Structural and functional abnormalities of default mode network in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a study combining DTI and fMRI. PLoS One 2012;7:e41376
- Jao T, Schroter M, Chen CL, Cheng YF, Lo CY, Chou KH, et al. Functional brain network changes associated with clinical and biochemical measures of the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroimage 2015;122:332-344 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.068
- Zhang G, Cheng Y, Shen W, Liu B, Huang L, Xie S. The short-term effect of liver transplantation on the low-frequency fluctuation of brain activity in cirrhotic patients with and without overt hepatic encephalopathy. Brain Imaging Behav 2017;11:1849-1861 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9659-6
- Zhang G, Cheng Y, Shen W, Liu B, Huang L, Xie S. Brain regional homogeneity changes in cirrhotic patients with or without hepatic encephalopathy revealed by multi-frequency bands analysis based on resting-state functional MRI. Korean J Radiol 2018;19:452-462 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2018.19.3.452
- Zhang G, Cheng Y, Liu B. Abnormalities of voxel-based wholebrain functional connectivity patterns predict the progression of hepatic encephalopathy. Brain Imaging Behav 2017;11:784-796 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9553-2
- Cheng Y, Zhang G, Shen W, Huang LX, Zhang L, Xie SS, et al. Impact of previous episodes of hepatic encephalopathy on short-term brain function recovery after liver transplantation: a functional connectivity strength study. Metab Brain Dis 2018;33:237-249 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-0155-5
- Herrero MT, Barcia C, Navarro JM. Functional anatomy of thalamus and basal ganglia. Childs Nerv Syst 2002;18:386-404 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-002-0604-1
- Lv H, Liu C, Wang Z, Zhao P, Cheng X, Yang Z, et al. Altered functional connectivity of the thalamus in tinnitus patients is correlated with symptom alleviation after sound therapy. Brain Imaging Behav 2020;14:2668-2678 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00218-0
- Byun JI, Kim HW, Kang H, Cha KS, Sunwoo JS, Shin JW, et al. Altered resting-state thalamo-occipital functional connectivity is associated with cognition in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 2020;69:198-203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.01.010
- Fan Y, Nickerson LD, Li H, Ma Y, Lyu B, Miao X, et al. Functional connectivity-based parcellation of the thalamus: an unsupervised clustering method and its validity investigation. Brain Connect 2015;5:620-630 https://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2015.0338
- Fan L, Li H, Zhuo J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen L, et al. The human brainnetome atlas: a new brain atlas based on connectional architecture. Cereb Cortex 2016;26:3508-3526 https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw157
- Liu F, Wang Y, Li M, Wang W, Li R, Zhang Z, et al. Dynamic functional network connectivity in idiopathic generalized epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Hum Brain Mapp 2017;38:957-973 https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23430
- Chumbley J, Worsley K, Flandin G, Friston K. Topological FDR for neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2010;49:3057-3064 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.090
- Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Woolrich MW, Smith SM, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Boulby PA, et al. Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging. Nat Neurosci 2003;6:750-757 https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1075
- Collins DP, Anastasiades PG, Marlin JJ, Carter AG. Reciprocal circuits linking the prefrontal cortex with dorsal and ventral thalamic nuclei. Neuron 2018;98:366-379.e4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.024
- Mitchell AS. The mediodorsal thalamus as a higher order thalamic relay nucleus important for learning and decision-making. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015;54:76-88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.001
- Tanaka M. Cognitive signals in the primate motor thalamus predict saccade timing. J Neurosci 2007;27:12109-12118 https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1873-07.2007
- de Bourbon-Teles J, Bentley P, Koshino S, Shah K, Dutta A, Malhotra P, et al. Thalamic control of human attention driven by memory and learning. Curr Biol 2014;24:993-999 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.024
- Zarantonello L, Turco M, Formentin C, Izquierdo-Altarejos P, Vuerich A, Barcenas Jimenez MJ, et al. The influence of HE history, HE status and neuropsychological test type on learning ability in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int 2019;39:861-870 https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14046
- Peters SK, Dunlop K, Downar J. Cortico-striatal-thalamic loop circuits of the salience network: a central pathway in psychiatric disease and treatment. Front Syst Neurosci 2016;10:104
- Wang J, Jiang Y, Tang Y, Xia M, Curtin A, Li J, et al. Altered functional connectivity of the thalamus induced by modified electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020;218:209-218 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.044
- McPhail MJ, Patel NR, Taylor-Robinson SD. Brain imaging and hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2012;16:57-72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2011.12.001
- Ellul MA, Gholkar SA, Cross TJ. Hepatic encephalopathy due to liver cirrhosis. BMJ 2015;351:h4187
- Atluri DK, Asgeri M, Mullen KD. Reversibility of hepatic encephalopathy after liver transplantation. Metab Brain Dis 2010;25:111-113 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-010-9178-x
- Chavarria L, Cordoba J. Encephalopathy and liver transplantation. Metab Brain Dis 2013;28:285-292 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9350-6
- Chen HJ, Jiao Y, Zhu XQ, Zhang HY, Liu JC, Wen S, et al. Brain dysfunction primarily related to previous overt hepatic encephalopathy compared with minimal hepatic encephalopathy: resting-state functional MR imaging demonstration. Radiology 2013;266:261-270 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120026
- Cheng Y, Huang L, Zhang X, Zhong J, Ji Q, Xie S, et al. Liver transplantation nearly normalizes brain spontaneous activity and cognitive function at 1 month: a resting-state functional MRI study. Metab Brain Dis 2015;30:979-988 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-015-9657-1
- Schmitz B, Pflugrad H, Tryc AB, Lanfermann H, Jackel E, Schrem H, et al. Brain metabolic alterations in patients with long-term calcineurin inhibitor therapy after liver transplantation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019;49:1431-1441 https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15256