DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The strategies for the supplementation of vitamins and trace minerals in pig production: surveying major producers in China

  • Yang, Pan (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Wang, Hua Kai (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Li, Long Xian (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Ma, Yong Xi (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2020.07.22
  • Accepted : 2020.10.27
  • Published : 2021.08.01

Abstract

Objective: Adequate vitamin and trace mineral intake for pigs are important to achieve satisfactory growth performance. There are no data available on the vitamin and trace mineral intake across pig producers in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the amount of vitamin and trace minerals used in Chinese pig diets. Methods: A 1-year survey of supplemented vitamin and trace minerals in pig diets was organized in China. A total of 69 producers were invited for the survey, which represents approximately 90% of the pig herd in China. Data were compiled by bodyweight stages to determine descriptive statistics. Nutrients were evaluated for vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, niacin, folic acid, biotin, choline, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, and iodine. Data were statistically analyzed by functions in Excel. Results: The results indicated variation for supplemented vitamin (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, niacin, and choline) and trace minerals (copper, manganese, zinc, and iodine) in pig diets, but most vitamins and trace minerals were included at concentrations far above the total dietary requirement estimates reported by the National Research Council and the China's Feeding Standard of Swine. Conclusion: The levels of vitamin and trace mineral used in China's pig industry vary widely. Adding a high concentration for vitamin and trace mineral appears to be common practice in pig diets. This investigation provides a reference for supplementation rates of the vitamins and trace minerals in the China's pig industry.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful for the support by the China Agricultural University Research Funding (201705510410056) and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Funding (21178259).

References

  1. Combs GF. The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. 5th ed. Cambridge, MA, USA: Academic Press; 2016.
  2. Varaeva YR, Livantsova EN, Ukrainets IV, Kosyura S, Starodubova AV. Metabolomics in vitamin status assessment. Curr Pharm Des 2018;24:3028-33. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180912142743
  3. Weiss WP. A 100-year review: from ascorbic acid to zinc-mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017;100:10045-60. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12935
  4. Upadhaya SD, Kim IH. Importance of micronutrients in bone health of monogastric animals and techniques to improve the bioavailability of micronutrient supplements - a review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2020;33:1885-95. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0945
  5. Jang YD, Rotering MJ, Isensee PK, et al. Distribution of injected fat-soluble vitamins in plasma and tissues of nursery pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2020;33:1985-90. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0987
  6. Kim BG, Lindemann MD. An overview of mineral and vitamin requirements of swine in the national research council (1944 to 1998) publications. Prof Anim Sci 2007; 23:584-96. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31028-7
  7. Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Swine, National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press; 2012.
  8. Choi SC, Chae BJ, Han IK. Impacts of dietary vitamins and trace minerals on growth and pork quality in finishing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2001;14:1444-9. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.1444
  9. Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Feeding standard of swine. NY/T 65-2004. Beijing, China: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China; 2004.
  10. Jang YD, Choi HB, Durosoy S, Schlegel P, Choi BR, Kim YY. Comparison of bioavailability of organic selenium sources in finishing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2010;23:931-6. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90619
  11. Baker DH. Bioavailability of minerals and vitamins. In: Lewis AJ, Southern LL, editors. Swine nutrition. Washington, DC, USA: CRC Press; 2000. pp. 377-400.
  12. Yang P, Wang HK, Zhu M, Li LX, Ma YX. Degradation kinetics of vitamins in premixes for pig: effects of choline, high concentrations of copper and zinc, and storage time. Anim Biosci 2021;34:701-13. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0026
  13. Yang P, Wang H, Zhu M, Ma Y. Evaluation of extrusion temperatures, pelleting parameters, and vitamin forms on vitamin stability in feed. Animals 2020;10:894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050894
  14. Erkelens MN, Mebius RE. Retinoic acid and immune homeostasis: a balancing act. Trends Immunol 2017;38:168-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2016.12.006
  15. Flohr JR, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Good-band RD, Dritz SS. A survey of current feeding regimens for vitamins and trace minerals in the US swine industry. J Swine Health Prod 2016;24:290-303.
  16. Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol Rev 2016;96:365-408. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2015
  17. Zhao Y, Yu B, Mao X, et al. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on rotavirus replication and gene expressions of RIG-I signalling molecule in porcine rotavirus-infected IPEC-J2 cells. Arch Anim Nutr 2015;69:227-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2015.1034522
  18. McDowell LR. Vitamins in animal nutrition: comparative aspects to human nutrition. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press; 2000.
  19. Jeong JH, Hong JS, Han TH, Fang LH, Chung WL, Kim YY. Effects of dietary vitamin levels on physiological responses, blood profiles, and reproductive performance in gestating sows. J Anim Sci Technol 2019;61:294-303. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2019.61.5.294
  20. Bohmer BM, Roth-Maier DA. Effects of high-level dietary B-vitamins on performance, body composition and tissue vitamin contents of growing/finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2007;91:6-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00635.x
  21. Simard F, Guay F, Girard CL, Giguere A, Laforest JP, Matte JJ. Effects of concentrations of cyanocobalamin in the gestation diet on some criteria of vitamin B12 metabolism in firstparity sows. J Anim Sci 2007;85:3294-302. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-523
  22. Li W, Li B, Lv J, Li D, Zhang L, Wang T. Choline supplementation improves the lipid metabolism of intrauterine-growth-restricted pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2018;31:686-95. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0810
  23. Baker DH, Stein HH. Bioavailability of minerals and vitamins in feedstuffs. In: Chiba LI, editor. Sustainable swine nutrition. 1st ed. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. pp. 341-64.
  24. Hill GM, Mahan DC, Carter SD, et al. Effect of pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide with or without the inclusion of an antibacterial agent on nursery pig performance. J Anim Sci 2001;79:934-41. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.794934x
  25. Shelton NW, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, et al. Effects of copper sulfate, tri-basic copper chloride, and zinc oxide on weanling pig performance. J Anim Sci 2011;89:2440-51. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3432
  26. Sawyer JT, Tittor AW, Apple JK, et al. Effects of supplemental manganese on performance of growing-finishing pigs and pork quality during retail display. J Anim Sci 2007;85:1046-53. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-262
  27. Mahan DC, Carter SD, Cline TR, et al. Evaluating the effects of supplemental B vitamins in practical swine diets during the starter and grower-finisher periods-a regional study. J Anim Sci 2007;85:2190-7. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0118
  28. Ma YL, Lindemann MD, Webb SF, Rentfrow G. Evaluation of trace mineral source and preharvest deletion of trace minerals from finishing diets on tissue mineral status in pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2018;31:252-62. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0189
  29. Gowanlock DW, Mahan DC, Jolliff JS, Moeller SJ, Hill GM. Evaluating the NRC levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn using organic minerals for grower-finisher swine. J Anim Sci 2013;91:5680-6. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6608
  30. Yang P, Zhao J, Wang H, Li L, Ma Y. Effects of vitamin forms and levels on vitamin bioavailability and growth performance in piglets. Appl Sci 2020;10:4903. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144903
  31. LeBlanc JG, Milani C, de Giori GS, Sesma F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013;24:160-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.005

Cited by

  1. Recent Advances in Understanding the Influence of Zinc, Copper, and Manganese on the Gastrointestinal Environment of Pigs and Poultry vol.11, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051276
  2. Determination and Evaluation of Bioavailability of Vitamins from Different Multivitamin Supplements Using a Pig Model vol.11, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050418
  3. Recent advances of vitamin D in immune, reproduction, performance for pig: a review vol.22, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1466252321000049