Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An experimental and numerical study on the crush responses and energy absorption characteristics of single- and bi-layer cups under low-velocity impact

  • Ghasemabadian, M.A. (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) ;
  • Kadkhodayan, M. (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) ;
  • Altenhof, W. (University of Windsor, Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering) ;
  • Liu, Y. (University of Windsor, Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering)
  • Received : 2020.01.13
  • Accepted : 2021.05.25
  • Published : 2021.06.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Observations on the crush responses and the energy absorption characteristics of single- and bi-layer deep-drawn cups subjected to experimental axial impact loading are presented in this manuscript. Bi-layer plates composed of aluminum and stainless steel alloys were fabricated by joining with adhesive and formed by a deep drawing process to produce the final cup shape. Impact testing was performed using a custom-built drop-tower system with a mass of 45.45 kg and impact velocities ranging from 2.8 m/s to 4.5 m/s. Various material and geometric parameters for the bi- and single-layer cups were considered in the study. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the deformation mechanisms and crushing behavior of the combined shells. Furthermore, based on the polynomial response surface method and using non-domain sorting genetic algorithm II, some multi-objective optimizations were performed on specific energy absorption, stroke efficiency, specific total efficiency, and initial peak load. Experimental and numerical results illustrated that the deformation of the bi-layer cups was different from the single-layer cups, especially in the head zone. Moreover, the specific total efficiency for specimens having a diameter of 55 mm and 65 mm were approximately 35% and 55% less than cups with a diameter of 45mm, respectively. It was found that the layer order of the bi-layer cup influences the energy absorption capacities of the specimen. Specifically, cups with steel as the outer layer experienced crush force efficiency and total efficiency of 6% and 5% higher than those with an aluminum outer layer, respectively.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial contributions from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada for supporting and enabling this work. Moreover, we hereby acknowledge that parts of this computation were performed on the HPC center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

References

  1. Afshin, E. and Kadkhodayan, M. (2015), "An experimental investigation into the warm deep-drawing process on laminated sheets under various grain sizes", Mater Design, 87, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.061.
  2. Arnold, B. and Altenhof, W. (2004), "Experimental observations on the crush characteristics of AA6061 T4 and T6 structural square tubes with and without circular discontinuities", Int J Crashworthines, 9(1), 73-87 https://doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2004.0273.
  3. Artar, M. and Daloglu, A.T. (2015), "Optimum design of composite steel frames with semi-rigid connections and column bases via genetic algorithm", Steel Compos. Struct., 19(4), 1035-1053 https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.19.4.1035.
  4. Asgari, M., Babaee, A. and Jamshidi, M. (2018), "Multi-objective optimization of tapered tubes for crashworthiness by surrogate methodologies", Steel Compos. Struct., 27(4), 427-438 https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.4.427.
  5. Azad, N.V. and Ebrahimi, S. (2016), "Energy absorption characteristics of diamond core columns under axial crushing loads", Steel Compos. Struct., 21(3), 605-628 https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.3.605.
  6. Azarakhsh, S. and Ghamarian, A. (2017), "Collapse behavior of thin-walled conical tube clamped at both ends subjected to axial and oblique loads", Thin Wall. Struct., 112, 1-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.11.020.
  7. Azarakhsh, S., Rahi, A., Ghamarian, A. and Motamedi, H. (2015), "Axial crushing analysis of empty and foam-filled brass bitubular cylinder tubes", Thin Wall. Struct., 95, 60-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.019.
  8. Bobbili, R., Madhu, V. and Gogia, A.K. (2016), "Tensile behaviour of aluminium 7017 alloy at various temperatures and strain rates", J. Mater. Res. Technol., 5(2), 190-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.12.002.
  9. Bodaghi, M., Serjouei, A., Zolfagharian, A., Fotouhi, M., Hafizur, R. and Durand, D. (2020), "Reversible Energy Absorbing Meta-Sandwiches by 4D FDM Printing", Int. J. Mech. Sci., 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105451..
  10. Cohades, A., Cetin, A. and Mortensen, A. (2015), "Designing laminated metal composites for tensile ductility", Mater Design, 66, 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.08.061.
  11. Ghasemabadian, M. and Kadkhodayan, M. (2020), "Energy Absorption Analysis and Multi-objective Optimization of Trilayer Cups Subjected to Quasi-static Axial Compressive Loading", Int. J. Eng., 33(4), 686-693. https://doi.org/10.5829/IJE.2020.33.04A.20.
  12. Ghasemabadian, M., Kadkhodayan, M., Altenhof, W., Bondy, M. and Magliaro, J. (2018), "An experimental study on the energy absorption characteristics of single-and bi-layer cups under quasi-static loading", Int J Crashworthines, 24(3), 272-285 https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2018.1433348.
  13. Gupta, N., Sheriff, N.M. and Velmurugan, R. (2008), "Analysis of collapse behaviour of combined geometry metallic shells under axial impact", Int J Impact Eng., 35(8), 731-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.01.005.
  14. Hanssen, A.G., Langseth, M. and Hopperstad, O.S. (2000), "Static and dynamic crushing of circular aluminium extrusions with aluminium foam filler", Int J Impact Eng. 24(5), 475-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(99)00170-0.
  15. Hauser, F.E. (1966), "Techniques for measuring stress-strain relations at high strain rates", Exp Mech., 6(8), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02326284.
  16. Hosford, W.F. and Caddell, R.M. (2011), Metal forming: mechanics and metallurgy, Cambridge University Press
  17. Hosseini, S.M. and Shariati, M. (2018), "Experimental analysis of energy absorption capability of thin-walled composite cylindrical shells by quasi-static axial crushing test", Thin Wall. Struct., 125, 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.01.026.
  18. Jandaghi Shahi, V. and Marzbanrad, J. (2012), "Analytical and experimental studies on quasi-static axial crush behavior of thin-walled tailor-made aluminum tubes", Thin Wall. Struct.. 60, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.05.015.
  19. Jeanson, A.C., Bay, F., Jacques, N., Avrillaud, G., Arrigoni, M. and Mazars, G. (2016), "A coupled experimental/numerical approach for the characterization of material behaviour at high strain-rate using electromagnetic tube expansion testing", Int J Impact Eng., 98, 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.07.002.
  20. Jin, S.Y., Altenhof, W. and Li, Z. (2012), "A parametric study on extrusion geometry and blade quantity during axial cutting deformation of circular AA6061-T6 extrusions under impact and quasi-static loading", Int J Impact Eng., 49, 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.03.008.
  21. Jin, S.Y., Majumder, A., Altenhof, W. and Green, D. (2010), "Axial cutting of AA6061-T6 circular extrusions under impact using single-and dual-cutter configurations", Int. J. Impact Eng., 37(6), 735-753 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.01.003.
  22. Jones, N. (2010), "Energy-absorbing effectiveness factor", Int. J. Impact Eng., 37(6), 754-765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.01.008.
  23. Jones, N. (2011), Structural impact, Cambridge university press
  24. Karagiozova, D. and Jones, N. (2004), "Dynamic buckling of elastic-plastic square tubes under axial impact-II: structural response", Int. J. Impact Eng., 30(2), 167-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(03)00062-9.
  25. Liu, Y., Yu, J., Zheng, Z. and Li, J. (2009), "A numerical study on the rate sensitivity of cellular metals", Int. J. Solids Struct., 46(22-23), 3988-3998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.07.024.
  26. Lu, G. and Yu, T. (2003), Energy absorption of structures and materials, Elsevier
  27. May, J., Hoppel, H. and Goken, M. (2005), "Strain rate sensitivity of ultrafine-grained aluminium processed by severe plastic deformation", Scripta Materialia, 53(2), 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.03.043.
  28. Meguid, S., Yang, F. and Hou, P. (2016), "Crush behaviour of foam-filled thin-walled conical frusta: analytical, numerical and experimental studies", Acta Mech., 227(12), 3391-3406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-016-1662-x.
  29. Nagaraj, C., Kumar, A.P., Rao, M.G. and Sankar, L.P. (2020), "Numerical analysis on the deformation behavior of cylindrical tubes with end-capped shells under axial impact", Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.100.
  30. Nagel, G. (2005), Impact and energy absorption of straight and tapered rectangular tubes, Queensland University of Technology
  31. Oberkampf, W.L. and Trucano, T.G. (2002), "Verification and validation in computational fluid dynamics", Prog. Aerosp. Sci., 38(3), 209-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00005-2.
  32. Ortiz, D., Abdelshehid, M., Dalton, R., Soltero, J., Clark, R., Hahn, M., Lee, E., Lightell, W., Pregger, B. and Ogren, J. (2007), "Effect of cold work on the tensile properties of 6061, 2024, and 7075 Al alloys", J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 16(5), 515-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9074-7.
  33. Palanivelu, S., Van Paepegem, W., Degrieck, J., De Pauw, S., Vantomme, J., Wastiels, J., Kakogiannis, D. and Van Hemelrijck, D. (2011), "Low velocity axial impact crushing performance of empty recyclable metal beverage cans", Int. J. Impact Eng., 38(7), 622-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2011.02.008.
  34. Palanivelu, S., Van Paepegem, W., Degrieck, J., Reymen, B., Ndambi, J.M., Vantomme, J., Kakogiannis, D., Wastiels, J. and Van Hemelrijck, D. (2011), "Close-range blast loading on empty recyclable metal beverage cans for use in sacrificial cladding structure", Eng Struct., 33(6), 1966-1987 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.034.
  35. Phan, D.T., Lim, J.B., Tanyimboh, T.T. and Sha, W. (2013), "An efficient genetic algorithm for the design optimization of cold-formed steel portal frame buildings", Steel Compos. Struct., 15(5), 519-538 https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2013.15.5.519.
  36. Rao, C.L., Narayanamurthy, V. and Simha, K. (2016), Applied impact mechanics, John Wiley & Sons.
  37. Saboori, P., Mansoor-Baghaei, S. and Sadegh, A.M. (2013), "Evaluation of Head Injury Criteria under Different Impact Loading", Proceedings of the ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2013-65125.
  38. Shariati, M. and Allahbakhsh, H. (2010), "Numerical and experimental investigations on the buckling of steel semispherical shells under various loadings", Thin Wall. Struct., 48(8), 620-628 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2010.03.002.
  39. Shariati, M., Farzi, G. and Dadrasi, A. (2015), "Mechanical properties and energy absorption capability of thin-walled square columns of silica/epoxy nanocomposite", Constr. Build Mater., 78, 362-368 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.031.
  40. Tasdemirci, A., Kara, A., Turan, K. and Sahin, S. (2015), "Dynamic crushing and energy absorption of sandwich structures with combined geometry shell cores", Thin Wall. Struct., 91, 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.02.015.
  41. Tasdemirci, A., Kara, A., Turan, K., Sahin, S. and Guden, M. (2016), "Effect of heat treatment on the blast loading response of combined geometry shell core sandwich structures", Thin Wall. Struct., 100, 180-191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.12.012.
  42. Tasdemirci, A., Sahin, S., Kara, A. and Turan, K. (2015), "Crushing and energy absorption characteristics of combined geometry shells at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates: Experimental and numerical study", Thin Wall. Struct., 86, 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.09.020.
  43. Topal, U. (2013), "Pareto optimum design of laminated composite truncated circular conical shells", Steel Compos. Struct., 14(4), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2013.14.4.397.
  44. Tsukamoto, H. (2015), "Impact compressive behavior of deepdrawn cups consisting of aluminum/duralumin multi-layered graded structures", Mater Sci. Eng. B-Adv., 198, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2015.04.002.
  45. Wang, J., Zhang, Y., He, N. and Wang, C.H. (2018), "Crashworthiness behavior of Koch fractal structures", Mater Design, 144, 229-244 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.035.
  46. Xie, S., Li, H., Yang, C. and Yao, S. (2018), "Crashworthiness optimisation of a composite energy-absorbing structure for subway vehicles based on hybrid particle swarm optimisation", Struct. Multidisip. O., 58(5), 2291-2308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-018-2022-3.
  47. Yin, H., Wen, G., Wu, X., Qing, Q. and Hou, S. (2014), "Crashworthiness design of functionally graded foam-filled multi-cell thin-walled structures", Thin Wall. Struct., 85, 142-155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.08.019.