References
- Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394-424 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
- Yuen MF, Lai CL. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma: survival benefit and cost-effectiveness. Ann Oncol 2003;14:1463-1467 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg400
- Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, Abecassis MM, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018;68:723-750 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29913
- European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018;69:182-236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019
- Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, Kudo M, Lee JM, Jia J, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int 2017;11:317-370 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9
- Singal A, Volk ML, Waljee A, Salgia R, Higgins P, Rogers MA, et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:37-47 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04014.x
- Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, Parikh ND, Marrero JA, Yopp A, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2018;154:1706-1718.e1 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.064
- Hanna RF, Miloushev VZ, Tang A, Finklestone LA, Brejt SZ, Sandhu RS, et al. Comparative 13-year meta-analysis of the sensitivity and positive predictive value of ultrasound, CT, and MRI for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016;41:71-90 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-015-0592-8
- Kim SY, An J, Lim YS, Han S, Lee JY, Byun JH, et al. MRI with liver-specific contrast for surveillance of patients with cirrhosis at high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:456-463 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.3147
- Cruite I, Schroeder M, Merkle EM, Sirlin CB. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI of the liver: part 2, protocol optimization and lesion appearance in the cirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;195:29-41 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.4538
- Besa C, Lewis S, Pandharipande PV, Chhatwal J, Kamath A, Cooper N, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma detection: diagnostic performance of a simulated abbreviated MRI protocol combining diffusion-weighted and T1-weighted imaging at the delayed phase post gadoxetic acid. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017;42:179-190 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-016-0841-5
- Marks RM, Ryan A, Heba ER, Tang A, Wolfson TJ, Gamst AC, et al. Diagnostic per-patient accuracy of an abbreviated hepatobiliary phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015;204:527-535 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.12986
- Lee JY, Huo EJ, Weinstein S, Santos C, Monto A, Corvera CU, et al. Evaluation of an abbreviated screening MRI protocol for patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018;43:1627-1633 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-017-1339-5
- Park SH, Kim B, Kim SY, Shim YS, Kim JH, Huh J, et al. Abbreviated MRI with optional multiphasic CT as an alternative to full-sequence MRI: LI-RADS validation in a HCC-screening cohort. Eur Radiol 2020;30:2302-2311 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06546-5
- Han S, Choi JI, Park MY, Choi MH, Rha SE, Lee YJ. The diagnostic performance of liver MRI without intravenous contrast for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-controlled feasibility study. Korean J Radiol 2018;19:568-577 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2018.19.4.568
- Tillman BG, Gorman JD, Hru JM, Lee MH, King MC, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnostic per-lesion performance of a simulated gadoxetate disodium-enhanced abbreviated MRI protocol for hepatocellular carcinoma screening. Clin Radiol 2018;73:485-493 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2017.11.013
- Chan MV, McDonald SJ, Ong YY, Mastrocostas K, Ho E, Huo YR, et al. HCC screening: assessment of an abbreviated non-contrast MRI protocol. Eur Radiol Exp 2019;3:49
- Forner A, Reig ME, De Lope CR, Bruix J. Current strategy for staging and treatment: the BCLC update and future prospects. Semin Liver Dis 2010;30:61-74 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1247133
- Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2014;11:e1001624
- Heimbach JK, Kulik LM, Finn RS, Sirlin CB, Abecassis MM, Roberts LR, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018;67:358-380 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29086
- Yoon JH, Park JW, Lee JM. Noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: elaboration on Korean Liver Cancer Study Group-National Cancer Center Korea practice guidelines compared with other guidelines and remaining issues. Korean J Radiol 2016;17:7-24 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2016.17.1.7
- Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: 2016 consensus recommendations of the Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology. Korean J Radiol 2017;18:427-443 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2017.18.3.427
- Chan YL, Lee SF, Yu SC, Lai P, Ching AS. Hepatic malignant tumour versus cavernous haemangioma: differentiation on multiple breath-hold turbo spin-echo MRI sequences with different T2-weighting and T2-relaxation time measurements on a single slice multi-echo sequence. Clin Radiol 2002;57:250-257 https://doi.org/10.1053/crad.2001.0763
- Ohtomo K, Baron RL, Dodd GD 3rd, Federle MP, Ohtomo Y, Confer SR. Confluent hepatic fibrosis in advanced cirrhosis: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1993;189:871-874 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.189.3.8234718
- Kim YK, Kim CS, Moon WS, Cho BH, Lee SY, Lee JM. MRI findings of focal eosinophilic liver diseases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184:1541-1548 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.184.5.01841541
- Seuss CR, Kim MJ, Triolo MJ, Hajdu CH, Rosenkrantz AB. Comparison of MRI pulse sequences for prediction of size of hepatocellular carcinoma at explant evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014;203:300-305 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.13.11688
- Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Kamaya A, Kielar AZ, Elsayes KM, Bashir MR, et al. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2018: imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in at-risk patients. Radiology 2018;289:816-830 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018181494
- Stoller DW. Magnetic resonance imaging in orthopaedics and sports medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2007
- Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977;33:159-174 https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
- Kim YK, Lee YH, Kim CS, Han YM. Added diagnostic value of T2-weighted MR imaging to gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional dynamic MR imaging for the detection of small hepatocellular carcinomas. Eur J Radiol 2008;67:304-310 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.07.001
- Ahn SS, Kim MJ, Lim JS, Hong HS, Chung YE, Choi JY. Added value of gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 2010;255:459-466 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10091388
- Sano K, Ichikawa T, Motosugi U, Sou H, Muhi AM, Matsuda M, et al. Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2011;261:834-844 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101840
- Piana G, Trinquart L, Meskine N, Barrau V, Beers BV, Vilgrain V. New MR imaging criteria with a diffusion-weighted sequence for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2011;55:126-132 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.023
- Vandecaveye V, De Keyzer F, Verslype C, Op de Beeck K, Komuta M, Topal B, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI provides additional value to conventional dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2009;19:2456-2466 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-009-1431-5
- Wong LL, Reyes RJ, Kwee SA, Hernandez BY, Kalathil SC, Tsai NC. Pitfalls in surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: How successful is it in the real world? Clin Mol Hepatol 2017;23:239-248 https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2017.0008
- Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, Massironi S, Colucci A, Conte D, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:513-523 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00467.x
- Hussain SM, Semelka RC, Mitchell DG. MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2002;10:31-52 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1064-9689(03)00048-5
- Yoneda N, Matsui O, Kitao A, Kozaka K, Kobayashi S, Sasaki M, et al. Benign hepatocellular nodules: hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging based on molecular background. Radiographics 2016;36:2010-2027 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016160037
- Goossens N, Singal AG, King LY, Andersson KL, Fuchs BC, Besa C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of risk score-stratified hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017;8:e101