Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Analysis of flows and prediction of CH10 airfoil for unmanned arial vehicle wing design

  • Aabid, Abdul (Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University) ;
  • Khairulaman, Liyana Nabilah Binti (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia) ;
  • Khan, Sher Afghan (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia)
  • Received : 2020.03.28
  • Accepted : 2020.12.02
  • Published : 2021.03.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is becoming popular from last two decades and it has been utilizing in enormous applications such as aerial monitoring, military purposes, rescue missions, etc. Hence, the present work focused on the design of the UAV wing considering the CH10 airfoil. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamic analysis on CH10 cambered airfoil has been conducted to achieve the preliminary results on the aerodynamic lift and drag coefficients. The airfoil has a chord length of 1 meter and has been subjected to low Reynolds numbers of 500 000, which is the standard operating Reynolds number for UAV wing design. The C-type fluid domain has been constructed at 30C upstream and downstream of the airfoil to initialize the boundary conditions. The angle of attack ranging from 0° to 14° with the increment of 2° has been done by changing the direction of the freestream velocity. The aerodynamic characteristics have been numerically computed using Spallart-Allmaras and Transient SST models. The aerodynamic coefficients achieved by these two models have been validated based on the XFOIL data. The contours of static pressure and velocity magnitude at 0°, 5°, 10°, and 12° angle of attack have been portrayed. The static pressure distribution around the airfoil has been visually observed to analyze its influence on the aerodynamic coefficients. The velocity magnitude relation to the static pressure distribution has been approved based on Bernoulli's equation such that increasing velocity magnitude has decreased the static pressure. The present results show that the Transient SST model has shown better flow prediction for an airfoil subjected to low Reynolds numberflow.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdullah, A., Roslan, A.A. and Omar, Z. (2018), "Comparative study of turbulent incompressible flow past naca airfoils", ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 13(21), 8527-8530.
  2. Abid, R. (1993), "Evaluation of two-equation turbulence models for predicting transitional flows", Int. J. Eng. Sci., 31(6), 831-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(93)90096-D
  3. Ahmed, T., Amin, M.T. and Islam, S.M.R. (2013), "Computational Study of Flow around a NACA 0012 wing flapped at different flap angles with varying mach numbers", Global J. Res. Eng., 13(4), 5-15.
  4. Akhtar, M. N., Bakar, E. A., Aabid, A. and Khan, S.A. (2019), "Numerical simulations of a CD nozzle and the influence of the duct length", Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng., 8(9S2), 622-630.
  5. Arif, M., Mohamed, R., Guven, U. and Yadav, R. (2019), "Flow separation control of NACA-2412 airfoil with bio-inspired nose", Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Tec., 7, 1058-1066. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-06-2018-0175
  6. Baldock, N. and Mokhtarzadeh-Dehghan, M.R. (2006), "A study of solar-powered, high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles", Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Tec., 78(3), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1108/17488840610663648.
  7. Bayliss, A. and Turkel, E. (1982), "Far-field boundary conditions for compressible flows", J. Comput. Phys., 48(2), 182-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(82)90046-8.
  8. Bitencourt, L.O., Pogorzelski, G., Freitas, R.M. and Azevedo, J.L.F. (2011), "A CFD-based analysis of the 14-Bis aircraft aerodynamics and stability", J. Aerosp. Technol. Manage., 3(2), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.2011.03021711
  9. Botti, L., Paliwal, N., Conti, P., Antiga, L. and Meng, H. (2018), "Modeling hemodynamics in intracranial aneurysms: Comparing the accuracy of CFD solvers based on finite element and finite volume schemes", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Biomed. Eng., 34(9), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.3111.
  10. Carmichael, B.H. (2018), Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Survey, 3336.
  11. Catalano, P. and Tognaccini, R. (2010), "Turbulence modeling for low-Reynolds-number flows", AIAA J., 48(8), 1673-1685. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J050067.
  12. Cerra, D.F. and Katz, J. (2008), "Design of a high-lift, thick airfoil for unmanned aerial vehicle applications", J. Aircraft, 45(5), 1789-1793. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.36924.
  13. Cook, W.A. and Oakes, W.R. (1982), "A survey of unstructured mesh generation technology", Comput. Mech. Eng., 67-72.
  14. Ebrahimi, A., Hajipour, M. and Ghamkhar, K. (2018), "Dual-position excitation technique in flow control over an airfoil at low speeds", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Heat Fluid Flow. https://doi.org/10.1108/HFF-05-2018-0195
  15. Eftekhari, S. and Al-obaidi, A.S M. (2019), "Investigation of a NACA 0012 finite wing aerodynamics at low Reynold's numbers and 0° to 90° angle of attack", J. Aerosp. Technol. Manage., 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v11.1023
  16. El Gharbi, N., Absi, R., Benzaoui, A. and Bennacer, R. (2011), "An improved near-wall treatment for turbulent channel flows", Int. J. Comput. Fluid Dyn., 25(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10618562.2011.554832
  17. Eleni, D.C., Athanasios, T.I. and Dionissios, M.P. (2012), "Evaluation of the turbulence models for the simulation of the flow over a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 0012 Airfoil", J. Mech. Eng. Res., 4(3), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMER11.074,
  18. Forster, K.J. and White, T.R. (2014), "Numerical investigation into vortex generators on heavily cambered wings", AIAA J., 52(5), 1059-1071. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J052529.
  19. Gowda, A.S. (2019), "Comparison of aerodynamic performance of NACA 4412 and 2412 using computational approach", Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol., 67(4), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V67I4P216
  20. Grabis, Michael M., and Ramesh K. Agarwal. (2019), "Computational fluid dynamics analysis of inverted multi-element airfoils in ground effect", Proceedings of the AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, San Diego, California, U.S.A., January.
  21. He, W., Perez, J.M., Yu, P. and Li, L.K. (2019), "Non-modal stability analysis of low-Re separated flow around a NACA 4415 airfoil in ground effect", Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 92, 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.06.007.
  22. Heinrich, M. and Schwarze, R. (2016), "Density-based solver for all Mach number flows", Progress Comput. Fluid Dyn., 16(5), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1504/PCFD.2016.078752
  23. Islam, M.T., Arefin, A.M.E., Masud, M. and Mourshed, M. (1980), "The effect of Reynolds number on the performance of a modified NACA 2412 airfoil", Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering.
  24. Ives, R., Keir, A.S., Bassey, E. and Hamad, F.A. (2018), "Investigation of the flow around an aircraft wing of Section NACA 2412 utilizing ANSYS fluent", Proceedings of the Aerospace Europe CEAS 2017 Conference, Bucharest, Romania, October.
  25. Jeong, W. and Seong, J. (2014), "Comparison of effects on technical variances of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software based on finite element and finite volume methods", Int. J. Mech. Sci., 78, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2013.10.017.
  26. Kandwal, S. and Singh, S. (2012), "Computational fluid dynamics study of fluid flow and aerodynamic forces on an airfoil", Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol., 1(7), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2012.0101001
  27. Khan, S.A., Aabid, A., Ghasi, F.A.M., Al-Robaian, A.A. and Alsagri, A S. (2019), "Analysis of area ratio in a CD nozzle with suddenly expanded duct using CFD method", CFD Lett., 11(5), 61-71.
  28. Kharati-koopaee, M. and Fallahzadeh-abarghooee, M. (2018), "Effect of corrugated skins on the aerodynamic performance of the cambered airfoils", Eng. Comput., 35(3), 1567-1582. https://doi.org/10.1108/EC-08-2017-0302.
  29. Kharulaman, L., Aabid, A., Ahmed, F., Mehaboobali, G. and Khan, S.A. (2019), "Research on flows for NACA 2412 airfoil using computational fluid dynamics method", Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol., 9(1), 5450-5456. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.A3085.109119.
  30. Lafountain, C., Cohen, K. and Abdallah, S. (2012), "Use of XFOIL in the design of camber-controlled morphing UAVs", Comput. Appl. Eng. Ed., 20, 673-680. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.20437.
  31. Leary, J. (2010), "Mini-project report computational fluid dynamics analysis of a low-cost wind turbine", University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.
  32. Lissaman, P.B.S. (1983), "Low-Reynolds-number-airfoils", Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 15, 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.15.010183.001255.
  33. Liu, S. and Qin, N. (2014), "Modeling roughness effects for transitional low Reynolds number aerofoil flows", J. Aerosp. Eng., 229(2), 280-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954410014530875.
  34. Lomax, H., Pulliam, T.H. and Zingg, D.W. (2013), Fundamentals of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Springer Science& Business Media.
  35. Lopes, A.M.G. (2016), "A 2D software system for expedite analysis of CFD problems in complex geometries", Comput. Appl. Eng. Ed., 24(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.21668.
  36. Madhanraj, V.R. and Shah, D.A. (2019), "CFD analysis of NACA 2421 aerofoil at several angles of attack", J. Aeronaut. Aerosp. Eng., 8(1), 1-4.
  37. Manni, L., Nishino, T. and Delafin, P. (2016), "Numerical study of airfoil stall cells using a very wide computational domain", Comput. Fluids, 140, 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.09.023.
  38. Mamouri, A.R., Lakzian, E. and Khoshnevis, A. B. (2019), "Entropy analysis of pitching airfoil for offshore wind turbines in the dynamic stall condition", Ocean Eng., 187, 106229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106229.
  39. Menon, K. and Mittal, R. (2020), "Aerodynamic characteristics of canonical airfoils at low Reynolds numbers", AIAA J., 58(2), 977-980. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J058969.
  40. Mermer, E., Koker, A., Kurtulus, D. F., Yilmaz, E. and Uzay, T. (2015), "Design and performance of wing configurations for high altitude solar powered unmanned", Proceedings of the Ankara International Aerospace Conference, Ankara, Turkey, September.
  41. Merryisha, S. and Rajendran, P. (2019), CFD Validation of NACA 2412 Airfoil.
  42. Molina-Aiz, F.D., Fatnassi, H., Boulard, T., Roy, J.C. and Valera, D.L. (2010), "Comparison of finite element and finite volume methods for simulation of natural ventilation in greenhouses", Comput. Electron. Agricult., 72(2), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2010.03.002.
  43. Morgado, J. (2016), "XFOIL vs. CFD performance predictions for high lift low Reynolds number airfoils", Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 52, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.02.031
  44. Myers, S.H. and Walters, D.K. (2005), "A one-dimensional subgrid near wall treatment for turbulent flow CFD simulation", Proceedings of the International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A., November.
  45. Correa, P.C.P. and Barcelos, M.N.D. (2013), "Numerical simulation of airfoils applied to UAVs", Therm. Eng., 13(1), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v13i1.62058.
  46. Park, J., Seol, Y., Cordier, F. and Noh, J. (2010), "A smoke visualization model for capturing surface-like features", Comput. Graphics, 29(8), 2352-2362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01719.x.
  47. Patel, K.S., Patel, S.B., Patel, U.B. and Ahuja, P.A.P. (2015), "CFD analysis of an aerofoil", Int. J. Eng. Res., 3(3), 154-158. https://doi.org/10.17950/ijer/v3s3/305.
  48. Petinrin, M.O. and Onoja, V.A. (2017), "Computational study of aerodynamic flow over NACA 4412 airfoil", British J. Appl. Sci. Technol., 21(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/31893
  49. Petrova, R. (2012). Finite Volume Method - Powerful Means of Engineering Design, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia.
  50. Premkartikkumar, S.R., Ashok, V., Bhabhra, A.R. and Beladiya, A. (2018), "Design and analysis of a new airfoil for RC aircrafts and UAVs", Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol., 9(4), 52-60.
  51. Reddy, K., Sri, B., Aneesh, P., Bhanu, K. and Natarajan, M. (2016), "Design analysis of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle", J. Aerosp. Technol. Manage., 8(4), 397-407. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v8i4.666.
  52. Reza, M.M.S., Mahmood, S.A. and Iqbal, A. (2016), "Performance analysis and comparison of high lift airfoil for low-speed unmanned aerial vehicle", Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering 2016, Bangladesh, December.
  53. Rizvi, Z.A. (2017), "A study to understand differential equations applied to aerodynamics using CFD technique", Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 8(2), 16-19.
  54. Sadrehaghighi, I. (2019). Mesh Generation in CFD.
  55. Sagat, C., Mane, P. and Gawali, B.S. (2012), "Experimental and CFD analysis of airfoil at low Reynolds number", Int. J. Mech. Eng. Robotics Res., 1(3), 277-283.
  56. Sagmo, K.F., Bartl, J. and Saetran, L. (2016), "Numerical simulations of the NREL S826 airfoil Numerical simulations of the NREL S826 airfoil", J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/8/082036.
  57. Sahu, R. and Patnaik, B.S.V. (2011), "CFD simulation of momentum injection control past a streamlined body", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Heat Fluid Flow, 21(8), 980-1001. https://doi.org/10.1108/09615531111177750.
  58. Salazar-Jimenes, G., Lopez-Aguilar, H.A., Gomez, J.A., Chazao-Zaharias, A., Duerte-Moller, A. and PerezHernandez, A. (2018), "Blended wing CFD analysis: Aerodynamic", Int. J. Math. Comput. Simul., 12, 33-43.
  59. Salim, M.S. and Cheah, S.C. (2009), "Wall y+ strategy for dealing with wall-bounded turbulent flows", Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Hong Kong, March.
  60. Saraf, A.K., Singh, M.P. and Chouhan, T.E.J.S. (2017), "Aerodynamics analysis of NACA 0012 airfoil using CFD", Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng., 5(12), 21-25.
  61. Sayed, M.A., Kandil, H.A. and Shaltot, A. (2012), "Aerodynamic analysis of different wind-turbine blade profiles using finite-volume method", Energ. Convers. Manage., 64, 541-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.05.030.
  62. Seetharam, H.C., Rodgers, E.J. and Wentz Jr, W.H. (2019), "Experimental studies of flow separation of the NACA 2412 airfoil at low speeds", NASA-CR-197497, NASA Langley Research Center.
  63. Selig, M.S. and Guglielmo, J.J. (2008), "High-lift low Reynolds number airfoil design", J. Aircraft, 34(1), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.2137.
  64. Shen, C., Sun, F. and Xia, X. (2014), "Implementation of density-based solver for all speeds in the framework of openFOAM", Comput. Phys. Commun., 185(10), 2730-2741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2014.06.009.
  65. Sher Afghan Khan, Aabid, A. and Baig, M.A.A. (2018), "Design and fabrication of unmanned arial vehicle for multi-mission tasks", Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng. Res. Develop., 8(4), 475-484. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdaug201849.
  66. Sidlof, P. (2016), "CFD simulation of flow-induced vibration of an elastically supported airfoil", Proceedings of the Experimental Fluid Mechanics 2015, Prague, Czech Republic, November.
  67. Sogukpinar, H. and Bozkurt, I. (2018), "Implementation of different turbulence models to find the proper model to estimate the aerodynamic properties of airfoils", AIP Conf. Proc., 1935, 020003. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5025957.
  68. Tang, L., Introduction, I. and Algorithm, N. (2008), "Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of lowReynolds-number airfoil aerodynamics", J. Aircraft, 45(3), 848-856. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.21995.
  69. Velkova, C., Calderon, F. M., Branger, T. and Soulier, C. (2016), "The impact of different turbulence models at ansys fluent over the aerodynamic characteristics of ultra-light wing airfoil NACA 2412 airfoil", Days Mech., 1-5.
  70. Yang, H.Q. and Dudley, J. (2017), "High-order pressure-based solver for 1. aeroacoustic simulations highorder pressure-based Solver for aeroacoustics simulations", Proceedings of the 19th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Berlin, Germany, May.
  71. Zhang, C., Sanjose, M. and Moreau, S. (2018), "Improvement of the near wall treatment in large Eddy simulation for aeroacoustic applications", Proceedings of the 2018 AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., June.
  72. Ziemer, S. and Stenz, G. (2012), "The case for open source software in aeronautics", Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Tec., 84(3), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/00022661211221987
  73. Zorkipli, M.K.H.M. and Razak, N.A. (2017), "Simulation of aeroelastic system with aerodynamic nonlinearity", Proceedings of the International Conference on Vibration, Sound and System Dynamics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August.