Steel and Composite Structures

  • 제39권4호
  • /
  • Pages.453-469
  • /
  • 2021
  • /
  • 1229-9367(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6233(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Fatigue evaluation and CFRP strengthening of diaphragm cutouts in orthotropic steel decks

  • Ke, Lu (Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of China Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University) ;
  • Li, Chuanxi (School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology) ;
  • He, Jun (School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Lu, Yongjun (Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University) ;
  • Jiao, Yang (School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University) ;
  • Liu, Yongming (School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University)
  • 투고 : 2019.06.22
  • 심사 : 2021.03.15
  • 발행 : 2021.05.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The cracking at the transverse diaphragm cutout is one of the most severe fatigue failures threatening orthotropic steel decks (OSDs), whose mechanisms and crack treatment techniques have not been fully studied. In this paper, full-scale experiments were first performed to investigate the fatigue performance of polished cutouts involving the effect of an artificial geometrical defect. Following this, comparative experimental testing for defective cutouts strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) was carried out. Numerical finite element analysis was also performed to verify and explain the experimental observations. Results show that the combinative effect of the wheel load and thermal residual stress constitutes the external driving force for the fatigue cracking of the cutout. Initial geometrical defects are confirmed as a critical factor affecting the fatigue cracking. The principal stress 6 mm away from the free edge of the cutout can be adopted as the nominal stress of the cutout during fatigue evaluation, and the fatigue resistance of polished cutouts is higher than Grade A in AASHTO specification. The bonded CFRP system is highly effective in extending the fatigue life of the defective cutouts. The present study provides some new insights into the fatigue evaluation and repair of OSDs.

키워드

과제정보

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant Nos. 52078059 & 51738004 & 51878186 & 51978081], the China Scholarship Council [Grant No. 201808430209], and the Horizon 2020- Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship of European Commission [Grant No. 793787].

참고문헌

  1. AASHTO (2017), LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (8th Ed.), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Washington, D.C, United States.
  2. Ahn, J., Kim, S. and Jeong, Y. (2007), "Fatigue experiment of stud welded on steel plate for a new bridge deck system", Steel Compos. Struct., 7(5), 391-404. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2007.7.5.391.
  3. Ai, Y., Zhu, S.P., Liao, D., Correia, J.A.F.O., Souto, C., De Jesus, A.M.P. and Keshtegar, B. (2019), "Probabilistic modeling of fatigue life distribution and size effect of components with random defects", Int. J. Fatigue., 126, 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.05.005.
  4. Altaee, M., Cunningham, L.S. and Gillie, M. (2019), "Practical Application of CFRP Strengthening to Steel Floor Beams with Web Openings: A numerical Investigation", J. Constr. Steel Res., 155, 395-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.01.006.
  5. Aygul, M., Al-Emrani, M. and Urushadze, S. (2012), "Modelling and fatigue life assessment of orthotropic bridge deck details using FEM", Int. J. Fatigue, 40, 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2011.12.015.
  6. Borrie, D., Zhao, X.L., Singh Raman, R.K. and Bai, Y. (2016), "Fatigue performance of CFRP patched pre-cracked steel plates after extreme environmental exposure", Compos. Struct., 153, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.05.092.
  7. Chen, T., Gu, X., Qi, M. and Yu, Q. (2018), "Experimental Study on Fatigue Behavior of Cracked Rectangular Hollow-Section Steel Beams Repaired with Prestressed CFRP Plates", J. Compos. Constr., 22(5), 04018034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000872.
  8. Connor, R.J. and Fisher, J.W. (2006), "Consistent approach to calculating stresses for fatigue design of welded rib-to-web connections in steel orthotropic bridge decks", J. Bridge Eng., 11(5), 517-525. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2006)11:5(517).
  9. De Corte, W. (2009), "Parametric study of floorbeam cutouts for orthotropic bridge decks to determine shape factors", Bridge Struct., 5, 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732480903142518.
  10. De Corte, W. and Van Bogaert, P. (2007), "Improvements to the analysis of floorbeams with additional web cutouts for orthotropic plated decks with closed continuous ribs", Steel Compos. Struct., 7(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2007.7.1.001.
  11. Deng, D. and Murakawa, H. (2008), "Prediction of welding distortion and residual stress in a thin plate butt-welded joint", Comput. Mater. Sci., 43(2), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2007.12.006.
  12. Eurocode 1 (2003), Actions on Structures, Part 2: Traffic Loads on Bridges, European Committee for Standardization; Brussels, Belgium.
  13. Eurocode 3 (2009), Design of Steel Structures, Part 1-9: Fatigue, European Committee for Standardization; European Standard; Brussels, Belgium.
  14. Fang, H., Bai, Y., Liu, W., Qi, Y. and Wang, J. (2019), "Connections and structural applications of fibre reinforced polymer composites for civil infrastructure in aggressive environments", Compos. Pt. B-Eng., 164, 129-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.047.
  15. Fettahoglu, A. (2015), "Recommended properties of elastic wearing surfaces on orthotropic steel decks", Steel Compos. Struct., 18(2), 357-374. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.2.357.
  16. FHWA-IF-12-027 (2012), Manual for Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges, Federal Highway Administration; Washington, D.C, United States.
  17. Fisher, J.W. and Roy, S. (2015), "Fatigue damage in steel bridges and extending their life", Adv. Steel Constr., 11(3), 250-268.
  18. Fu, Z., Ji, B., Wang, Y. and Xu, J. (2018), "Fatigue performance of rib-roof weld in steel bridge decks with corner braces", Steel Compos. Struct., 26(1), 103-113. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.26.1.103.
  19. Fu, Z., Wang, Q., Ji, B. and Yuanzhou, Z. (2017), "Rewelding Repair Effects on Fatigue Cracks in Steel Bridge Deck Welds", J. Perform. Constr. Fac., 31(6), 04017094. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001083.
  20. Fu, Z., Wang, Y., Ji, B. and Jiang, F. (2019), "Effects of multiaxial fatigue on typical details of orthotropic steel bridge deck", Thin Wall Struct., 135, 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.10.035.
  21. He, J. and Xian, G. (2016), "Debonding of CFRP-to-steel joints with CFRP delamination", Compos. Struct., 153, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.05.100.
  22. Hosseini, A., Ghafoori, E., Motavalli, M., Nussbaumer, A., Zhao, X. and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2018), "Flat prestressed unbonded retrofit system for strengthening of existing metallic I-Girders", Compos. Pt. B-Eng., 155, 156-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.08.026.
  23. Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Bao, Y. and Bu, Y. (2019), "Fatigue assessment of longitudinal rib-to-crossbeam welded joints in orthotropic steel bridge decks", J. Constr. Steel Res., 159, 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.04.018.
  24. IIW 1823-07 (2008), Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components, International Institute of Welding; New York, USA.
  25. JTG D64 (2015), Specifications for Design of Highway Steel Bridge, Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China; Beijing, China.
  26. Ju, X., Zeng, Z., Zhao, X. and Liu, X. (2018), "Fatigue study on additional cutout between U shaped rib and floorbeam in orthotropic bridge deck", Steel Compos. Struct., 28(3), 319-329. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.28.3.319.
  27. Kainuma, S., Jeong, Y. and Ahn, J. (2015), "Stress distribution on the real corrosion surface of the orthotropic steel bridge deck", Steel Compos. Struct., 18(6), 1479-1492. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.6.1479.
  28. Kainuma, S., Yang, M., Jeong, Y., Inokuchi, S., Kawabata, A. and Uchida, D. (2016), "Experiment on fatigue behavior of rib-to-deck weld root in orthotropic steel decks", J. Constr. Steel Res., 119, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.11.014.
  29. Katrizadeh, E. and Narmashiri, K. (2019), "Experimental study on failure modes of MF-CFRP strengthened steel beams", J. Constr. Steel Res., 158, 120-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.03.027.
  30. Ke, L., Li, C., Luo, N., He, J., Jiao, Y. and Liu, Y. (2019), "Enhanced comprehensive performance of bonding interface between CFRP and steel by a novel film adhesive", Compos. Struct., 229, 111393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111393.
  31. Ke, L., Li, C., He, J., Dong, S., Chen, C. and Jiao, Y. (2020), "Effects of elevated temperatures on mechanical behavior of epoxy adhesives and CFRP-steel hybrid joints", Compos. Struct., 235, 111789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111789.
  32. Ke, L., Li, C., He, J., Shen, Q., Liu, Y. and Jiao, Y. (2020). "Enhancing fatigue performance of damaged metallic structures by bonded CFRP patches considering temperature effects", Mater. Des., 192, 108731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108731.
  33. Kozy, B.M., Connor, R.J., Paterson, D. and Mertz, D.R. (2011), "Proposed revisions to AASHTO-LRFD bridge design specifications for orthotropic steel deck bridges", J. Bridge Eng., 16(6), 759-767. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000214.
  34. Li, C., Chen, Z., Zhou, A., Cao, S. and Ke, L. (2017), The fatigue crack characteristics and wheel load stresses of steel box girder diaphragms in an existing bridge. China Civil Engineering Journal, 50(8), 59-67. [in Chinese]
  35. Li, C., Ke, L., He, J., Chen, Z. and Jiao, Y. (2019), "Effects of mechanical properties of adhesive and CFRP on the bond behavior in CFRP-strengthened steel structures", Compos. Struct., 211, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.12.020.
  36. Liu, J., Guo, T., Feng, D. and Liu, Z. (2018), "Fatigue Performance of Rib-to-Deck Joints Strengthened with FRP Angles", J. Bridge Eng., 23(9), 04018060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001286.
  37. Nguyen, T., Bai, Y., Zhao, X. and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2012), "Effects of ultraviolet radiation and associated elevated temperature on mechanical performance of steel/CFRP double strap joints", Compos. Struct., 94(12), 3563-3573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.05.036.
  38. Shao, X. and Cao, J. (2018), "Fatigue Assessment of Steel-UHPC Lightweight Composite Deck Based on Multiscale FE Analysis: Case Study", J Bridge Eng., 23(1), 05017015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001146.
  39. Shao, X., Yi, D., Huang, Z., Zhao, H., Chen, B. and Liu, M. (2013), "Basic performance of the composite deck system composed of orthotropic steel deck and ultrathin RPC layer", J. Bridge Eng., 18(5), 417-428. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000348.
  40. Siwowski, T.W. and Siwowska, P. (2018), "Experimental study on CFRP-strengthened steel beams", Compos. Pt. B-Eng., 149, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.060.
  41. Tang, M. (2011), "A new concept of orthotropic steel bridge deck", Struct. Infrastruct. E., 7, 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2010.496996.
  42. Teixeira De Freitas, S., Kolstein, H. and Bijlaard, F. (2017), "Fatigue Assessment of Full-Scale Retrofitted Orthotropic Bridge Decks", J. Bridge Eng., 22(11), 04017092. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001115.
  43. Wang, C., Zhai, M., Duan, L. and Wang, Y. (2018), "Cold Reinforcement and Evaluation of Steel Bridges with Fatigue Cracks", J. Bridge Eng., 23(4), 04018014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001219.
  44. Wang, S., Ke, Z., Gao, Y. and Zhang, Y. (2019), "Long-Term in Situ Performance Investigation of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Deck Strengthened by SPS and RPC Solutions", J. Bridge Eng., 24(6), 04019054. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001421.
  45. Yang, Y., Biscaia, H., Chastre, C. and Silva, M.A.G. (2017), "Bond characteristics of CFRP-to-steel joints", J. Constr. Steel Res., 138, 401-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.08.001.
  46. Yu, Q. and Wu, Y. (2018), "Fatigue retrofitting of cracked steel beams with CFRP laminates", Compos. Struct., 192, 232-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.02.090.
  47. Zhou, H., Wen, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y. and Du, X. (2016), "Fatigue crack initiation prediction of cope hole details in orthotropic steel deck using the theory of critical distances", Fatigue Fract. Eng. M., 39(9), 1051-1066. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12402.
  48. Zhu, Z., Xiang, Z. and Li, J. (2018), "Fatigue performance of floorbeam cutout on orthotropic steel bridge decks", J. Traffic Transport. Eng., 18(2), 11-22. [in Chinese]
  49. Zhu, J., Zhang, W. and Li, X. (2019), "Fatigue damage assessment of orthotropic steel deck using dynamic Bayesian networks", Int. J. Fatigue., 118, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.08.037.