Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology

The Korean Society of Wood Science & Technology (한국목재공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Challenges of Wood Modification Process for Plantation Eucalyptus: A Review of Australian Setting

  • GHANI, Ros Syazmini Mohd (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, University College of Technology Sarawak) ;
  • LEE, Man Djun (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University)
  • Received : 2020.12.28
  • Accepted : 2021.03.09
  • Published : 2021.03.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Australia has significant wood resources in its native forest, but the resource available for harvest becomes lesser due to the conversion of native forest to conservation reserves. The natural occurrences of bushfires, droughts, and cyclones are highly destructive, making the situation worse. The shortage of wood resources is having a significant negative impact on Australia because wood is so scarce that they cannot meet domestic demands, especially durable wood. Australia cleared approximately 100 million hectares of its land to establish forest plantations, and two million trees were planted. However, most of these plantations are for pulpwood production; however, their application for high-value products is limited due to their undesirable properties. Wood modification is a process of improving unfavorable wood properties to be utilized for a wide range of applications. Australia has not adopted any of these modification processes; it still depends on the less toxic wood preservative to treat wood. This study focuses on the recent advancement in industrial wood modification worldwide and how it may be used to modify Eucalyptus wood for high-value applications. The opportunities and suggestions for Eucalyptus wood modification in Australia will be discussed. Before the study concludes, the future of commercial wood modification for Eucalyptus plantation in Australia will also be presented.

Keywords

References

  1. ABARES. 2018. Australia's State of Forest Report.
  2. Amer, M., Kabouchi, B., El Alami, S., Azize, B., Rahouti, M., Famiri, A., Fidah, A. 2019. Water sorption/desorption kinetics and convective drying of Eucalyptus globulus wood. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 47(5): 557-566. https://doi.org/10.5658/wood.2019.47.5.557
  3. Ala-Viikari, J. 2007. The Activities of Finnish ThermoWood Association to Commercialize ThermoWood. In the Third European Conference on Wood Modification, pp. 3-10.
  4. Ala-Viikari, J., Mayes, D. 2009. New generation ThermoWood®-How to take ThermoWood® to the next level. In Proceedings European Conference on Wood Modification.
  5. Archer, K., Lebow, S. 2006. Wood preservation. In Primary Wood Processing, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 297-338.
  6. Balboni, B.M., Batista, A.S., de Aguiar Rodrigues, R., Garcia, J.N., 2020. Relationship between strength and density in juvenile and mature Eucalyptus sp. wood. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 3(3): 983-991.
  7. Bartels, T. 2011. Technical and commercial feasibility study for Accoya wood in Dutch civil waterworks constructions (Doctoral dissertation, Van Hall Larenstein).
  8. Beadle, C., Volker, P., Bird, T., Mohammed, C., Barry, K., Pinkard, L., Wiseman, D., Harwood, C., Washusen, R., Wardlaw, T., Nolan, G. 2008. Solid-wood production from temperate eucalypt plantations: a Tasmanian case study. Southern Forests 70(1): 45-57. https://doi.org/10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.1.6.516
  9. Bongers, F., Uphill, S.J. 2019. The potential of wood acetylation.van de Kuilen, J.-W. and Gard, W.[eds.] ISCHP, pp. 49-57.
  10. Brown, A.G., Beadle, C.L. 2008. Plantation Eucalypts for High-Value Timber: Enhancing investment through research and development Publication No. 08/Project No. CVF-2A. Canberra, RIRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program.
  11. Candelier, K., Thevenon, M., Petrissans, A. 2016. Control of wood thermal treatment and its effects on decay resistance: A review, Annals of Forest Science. pp. 571-583. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0541-x
  12. Daian, G., Ozarska, B. 2009. Wood waste management practices and strategies to increase sustainability standards in the Australian wooden furniture manufacturing sector. Journal of Cleaner Production 17(17): 1594-1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.07.008
  13. de Cademartori, P.H.G., Missio, A.L., Mattos, B.D., Schneid, E., Gatto, D.A. 2014. Physical and mechanical properties and colour changes of fast-growing Gympie messmate wood subjected to two-step steam-heat treatments. Wood Material Science and Engineering 9(1): 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2013.853692
  14. Derikvand, M., Nolan, G., Jiao, H., Kotlarewski, N. 2017. What to do with structurally low-grade wood from Australia's plantation eucalyptus; building application?. BioResources 12(1): 4-7.
  15. Donnelly, R., Fynn, R., Shield, E. 2003. The global Eucalyptus wood products industry - A progress report on achieving higher value utilization. DANA Publishing Limited. New Zealand.
  16. Downham, R., Gavran, M. 2019. Australian plantation statistics 2019 update. Aust Gov Dep Agric Water Resour Canberra, Aust, 12.
  17. Drysdale, D. 2011. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics (3rd Ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  18. Dunningham, E., Sargent, R. 2015. Review of new and emerging international wood modification technologies. Project No: PNA350-1415. Forest and Wood Products Australia Limited. 978-1-925213-24-9, p. 56.
  19. Esteves, B., Pereira, H. 2009. Wood modification by heat treatment: A review. BioResources 4(1): 370-404. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.1.370-404
  20. Ferreira, J., Esteves, B., Nunes, L., Domingos, I. 2016. Life Cycle Assessment as a tool to promote sustainable Thermowood boards: a Portuguese case study. International Wood Products Journal 7(3): 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2016.1160592
  21. Gerardin, P. 2016. New alternatives for wood preservation based on thermal and chemical modification of wood: A review, Annals of Forest Science, pp. 559-570. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0531-4
  22. Hadi, Y.S., Massijaya, M.Y., Zaini, L.H., Pari, R. 2019. Physical and mechanical properties of methyl methacrylate-Impregnated wood from three fast-growing tropical tree species. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 47(3): 324-335. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2019.47.3.324
  23. Herajarvi, H., Kunttu, J., Hurmekoski, E., Hujala, T., 2020. Outlook for modified wood use and regulations in circular economy. Holzforschung 74(4): 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0053
  24. Hillis, W.E. 1987. Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
  25. Hill, C.A.S. 2007. Wood modification: chemical, thermal and other processes (Vol. 5). John Wiley & Sons.
  26. Hill, C.A.S. 2011. Wood modification: An update, BioResources 6(2): 918-919.
  27. Hill, C.A.S., Norton, A. 2014. The environmental impacts associated with wood modification balanced by the benefits of life extension. The Seventh European Conference on Wood Modification, September 2014, Lisbon, Portugal.
  28. Homan, W., Tjeerdsma, B., Beckers, E., Jorissen, A. 2000. July. Structural and other properties of modified wood. In World Conference on Timber Engineering Vol. 5.
  29. Hovgaard, A., Hansen, E. 2004. Innovativeness in the forest products industry. Forest Products Journal 54(1): 26-33.
  30. Innes, T., Greaves, B., Washusen, R., Nolan, G. 2008. Determining the economics of processing plantation eucalypts for solid timber products. Project number: PN04.3007 (trans: Improvement RCa). Forest and Wood Products Australia, Melbourne.
  31. Jiang, T., Gao, H., Sun, J., Xie, Y., Li, X. 2014. Impact of DMDHEU resin treatment on the mechanical properties of poplar. Polymers and Polymer Composites 22(8): 669-674. https://doi.org/10.1177/096739111402200803
  32. Jones, D. 2007. The commercialization of wood modification-past, present and future. In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Wood Modification. Cardiff, UK, pp. 436-439.
  33. Jones, D., Sandberg, D., Kutnar, A. 2018. A Review of Wood Modification across Europe as Part of COST. pp. 24-31.
  34. Jones, D., Sandberg, D. 2020. A Review of Wood Modification Globally-Updated Findings from COST FP1407. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Built Environment, 1.
  35. Kim, H.S., Kim, S., Kim, H.J., Yang, H.S. 2006. Thermal properties of bio-flour-filled polyolefin composites with different compatibilizing agent type and content. Thermochimica Acta 451(1-2): 181-188. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.09.013
  36. Lahtela, V., Hamalainen, K., Karki, T, 2014. The Effects of Preservatives on the Properties of Wood after Modification (Review paper), Baltic Forestry 20(1): 189-203.
  37. Lande, S., Westin, M., Schneider, M. 2008. Development of modified wood products based on furan chemistry. Molecular crystals and liquid crystals 484(1): 1-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/15421400801901456
  38. Lee, M.D. 2017. Capacity Utilization of Small Scale Desalination Plant, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
  39. Li, J., Li, B., Zhang, J. Zhou, X., 2019. Tannin Resins for Wood Preservatives: A Review. Research and Application of Materials Science 1(1): 48-53.
  40. Lott, R., Gooding, G. 2007. Eucalypt plantations for solid-wood products in Southern Australia: A review of research investment needs. In: Plantation Eucalypts for high-value timber: Enhancing investment through research and development, 9-12 October 2007 Moorabin, Victoria.
  41. Makowski, M. 2014. The Australian wood processing & timber industry. Current operations, outlook and future opportunities through process and product innovation. Presentation given at Wood Innovations 2014, Melbourne Australia.
  42. Mantanis, G.I., Sahin, H.T. 2017. Modification of wood by chemical processes: A review, in, International Symposium on New Horizons in Forestry, pp. 272-280.
  43. Metzner, C. 2018. Strategies for continuous improvement and improved competitiveness for the sustainable bio-based industries. Master's Thesis, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
  44. Militz. H. 2002. Thermal treatment of wood: European processes and their background. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document No. IRG/WP 02-40241.
  45. Militz, H. 2020. Wood modification research in Europe. Holzforschung 74(4): 333-333. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0050
  46. Morrell, J. 2004. Disposal of Treated Wood, Proceedings for the Environmental Impacts of PreservativeTreated Wood Conference, Gainesville, pp. 196-209.
  47. Nichols, J.D. 2010. Subtropical eucalypt plantations in eastern Australia, Australian Forestry 73(1): 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2010.10676310
  48. Nolan, G., Greaves, B., Washusen, R., Parsons, M., Jennings, S. 2005. Eucalypt Plantations for Solid Wood Products in Australia: A Review. Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation, Melbourne, Project No. PN04.3002, pp. 1-130.
  49. Pal, R., Sengupta, A., Bose, I. 2008, 'Role of Pilot Study in Assessing Viability of New Technology Projects: The Case of RFID in Parking Operations. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 23(1): 257-276.
  50. Priadi, T., Sholihah, M., Karlinasari, L. 2019. Water absorption and dimensional stability of heat-treated fast-growing hardwoods. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 47(5): 567-578. https://doi.org/10.5658/wood.2019.47.5.567
  51. Rapp, A.O., Sailer, M. 2000. November. Heat treatment of wood in Germany-state of the art. In Proceedings of the seminar on production of heat-treated wood in Europe. 20: 2000.
  52. Ramage, M.H., Burridge, H., Busse-Wicher, M., Fereday, G., Reynolds, T., Shah, D.U., Wu, G., Yu, L., Fleming, P., Densley-Tingley, D., Allwood, J., 2017. The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 68: 333-359 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.107
  53. Rowell, R.M. 2005. Chemical modification of wood. Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites, pp. 381.
  54. Rowell, R.M. 2007. Chemical modification of wood. Handbook of engineering biopolymers, homopolymers, blends, and composites. Cincinnati, OH: Hanser Gardner Publications, Inc., 2007: pp. 673-691.
  55. Salim, R., Johansson, J. 2016. The influence of raw material on wood product manufacturing. Procedia CIRP, 57: 764-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.132
  56. Sargent, R. 2019. Evaluating dimensional stability in solid wood: a review of current practice. Journal of Wood Science 65(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-019-1786-4
  57. Shi, J.L., Kocaefe, D., Zhang, J. 2007. Mechanical behaviour of Quebec wood species heat-treated using ThermoWood process. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 65(4): 255-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-007-0173-9
  58. Stendahl, M., Roos, A., Hugosson, M. 2007. Product development in the Swedish and Finnish sawmilling industry-a qualitative study of managerial perceptions. Journal of Forest Products Business Research 4(4): 24.
  59. Stendahl, M. 2009. Product development in the wood industry. Department of Forest Products. Uppsala, Sweden.
  60. Tondi, G., Thevenon, M.F., Mies, B., Standfest, G., Petutschnigg, A., Wieland, S. 2013. Impregnation of Scots pine and beech with tannin solutions: effect of viscosity and wood anatomy in wood infiltration. Wood science and technology 47(3): 615-626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-012-0524-5
  61. Townsend, T.G., Dubey, B., Solo-Gabriele, H. 2004. Assessing potential waste disposal impact from preservative treated wood products. Environmental Impacts of Preservative-Treated Wood, pp.169.
  62. Townsend, T.G., Solo-Gabriele, H. eds. 2006. Environmental impacts of treated wood. CRC press.
  63. Tepper, C. 2007. October. Site matching and establishing Eucalypt sawlog species in Southern Australia. In Proceedings of the Joint Venture Agroforestry Program Conference: Plantation Eucalypts for High-Value Timber: Enhancing Investment Through Research and Development, Moorabin, Victoria, Australia, Vol. 912.
  64. Trueman, E. 2013. Accoya® wood cradle-to-gate carbon footprint update.
  65. Unsal, O., Candan, Z., Buyuksari, U., Korkut, S., Chang, Y.S., Yeo, H.M. 2011. Effect of thermal compression treatment on the surface hardness, vertical density propile and thickness swelling of eucalyptus wood boards by hot-pressing. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 39(2): 148-155. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2011.39.2.148
  66. West, P.W. 2006. Growing Plantation Forests, Lismore, NSW. Australia, Springer-Verlag.
  67. Westin, M. 2001. New products and new applications. Deliverable 23 of the Thematic Network for Wood Modification. E.U. Fifth Framework Program project G1RT-CT-2000-05002
  68. Whittle, L., Lock, P., Hug, B. 2019. Economic potential for new plantation establishment in Australia. Department of Agriculture and Water Resources.
  69. Wood, M.J., McLarin, M.L., Volker, P.W., Syme, M. 2009. Management of eucalypt plantations for profitable sawlog production in Tasmania, Australia. In Tasforests 18: 117-121.