Advances in concrete construction

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Optimal mix design of air-entrained slag blended concrete considering durability and sustainability

  • Wang, Xiao-Yong (Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Lee, Han-Seung (Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University)
  • Received : 2020.02.19
  • Accepted : 2020.12.20
  • Published : 2021.02.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Slag blended concrete is widely used as a mineral admixture in the modern concrete industry. This study shows an optimization process that determines the optimal mixture of air-entrained slag blended concrete considering carbonation durability, frost durability, CO2 emission, and materials cost. First, the aim of optimization is set as total cost, which equals material cost plus CO2 emission cost. The constraints of optimization consist of strength, workability, carbonation durability with climate change, frost durability, range of components and component ratio, and absolute volume. A genetic algorithm is used to determine optimal mixtures considering aim function and various constraints. Second, mixture design examples are shown considering four different cases, namely, mixtures without considering carbonation (Case 1), mixtures considering carbonation (Case 2), mixtures considering carbonation coupled with climate change (Case 3), and mixtures of high strength concrete (Case 4). The results show that the carbonization is the controlling factor of the mixture design of the concrete with ordinary strength (the designed strength is 30MPa). To meet the challenge of climate change, stronger concrete must be used. For high-strength slag blended concrete (design strength is 55MPa), strength is the control factor of mixture design.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, Y.H. and Jeon, W. (2019), "Power sector reform and CO2 abatement costs in Korea", Energy Policy, 131, 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.04.042.
  2. Benazzouk, A., Douzane, O., Mezreb, K. and Queneudec, M. (2006), "Physico-mechanical properties of aerated cement composites containing shredded rubber waste", Cement Concrete Compos., 28, 650-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.05.006.
  3. Chen, X., Wang, Q., Shi, X., Su, Y. and Qiu, J. (2019), "Optimization of concrete mixture design using adaptive Surrogate model", Sustainab., 11, 1991-2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071991.
  4. Demis, S., Efstathiou, M.P. and Papadakis, V.G. (2014), "Computer-aided modeling of concrete service life", Cement Concrete Compos., 47, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.11.004.
  5. Fennis, S.A.A.M. and Walraven, J.C. (2012), "Using particle packing technology for sustainable concrete mixture design", Heron, 57, 73-102.
  6. Garcia-Segura, T. and Yepes, V. (2016), "Multiobjective optimization of post-tensioned concrete box-girder road bridges considering cost, CO2 emissions, and safety", Eng. Struct., 125, 325-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.012.
  7. Golafshani, E.M. and Behnood, A. (2019), "Estimating the optimal mix design of silica fume concrete using biogeography-based programming", Cement Concrete Compos., 96, 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.005.
  8. IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, R. K. P. a. L. A. M., Core Writing Team, Switzerland, IPCC, 56-74.
  9. Jiang, M., Chen, X., Rajabipour, F. and Hendrickson, C.T. (2014), "Comparative life cycle assessment of conventional, glass powder, and alkali-activated slag concrete and mortar", J. Infrastr. Syst., 20, 04014020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000211.
  10. Kim, T.H., Tae, S.H., Chae, C.U. and Choi, W.Y. (2016), "The environmental impact and cost analysis of concrete mixing blast furnace slag containing titanium gypsum and sludge in south Korea", Sustainab., 8, 502-521. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060502.
  11. Kim, Y., Hanif, A., Usman, M., Munir, M.J., Kazmi, S.M.S. and Kim, S. (2018), "Slag waste incorporation in high early strength concrete as cement replacement: Environmental impact and influence on hydration & durability attributes", J. Clean. Prod., 172, 3056-3065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.105.
  12. Kwon, S.J., Na, U.J., Park, S.S. and Jung, S.H. (2009), "Service life prediction of concrete wharves with early-aged crack: Probabilistic approach for chloride diffusion", Struct. Saf., 31, 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.03.004.
  13. Lee, H.S. and Wang, X.Y. (2016), "Evaluation of compressive strength development and carbonation depth of high volume slag-blended concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 124, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.070.
  14. Lee, J.H., Yoon, Y.S. and Kim, J.H. (2012), "A new heuristic algorithm for mix design of high-performance concrete", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 16, 974-979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-012-1011-0.
  15. Li, Y., Liu, Y., Gong, X., Nie, Z., Cui, S., Wang, Z. and Chen, W. (2016), "Environmental impact analysis of blast furnace slag applied to ordinary Portland cement production", J. Clean. Prod., 120, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.071.
  16. Lim, C.H., Yoon, Y.S. and Kim, J.H. (2004), "Genetic algorithm in mix proportioning of high-performance concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 34, 409-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.08.018.
  17. Mehta, P.K. and Monteiro, P.J.M. (2014), Concrete Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, New York, Mc Graw Hill Education.
  18. Molsy, B., Bungey, J. and Hulse, R. (2012), Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurcode 2, Palgrave Macmillan.
  19. Nazari, A. and Sanjayan, J.G. (2016), Handbook of Low Carbon Concrete, AMSTERDAM, Butterworth-Heinemann.
  20. Ozbay, E., Erdemir, M. and Durmus, H.I. (2016), "Utilization and efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag on concrete properties-A review", Constr. Build. Mater., 105, 423-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.153.
  21. Papadakis, V.G. (2013), "Service life prediction of a reinforced concrete bridge exposed to chloride induced deterioration", Adv. Concrete Constr., 1, 201-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acc2013.1.3.201.
  22. Papadakis, V.G. and Tsimas, S. (2002), "Supplementary cementing materials in concrete Part I: efficiency and design", Cement Concrete Res., 32, 1525-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00827-X.
  23. Park, H., Kwon, B., Shin, Y., Kim, Y., Hong, T. and Choi, S.W. (2013), "Cost and CO2 emission optimization of steel reinforced concrete columns in high-rise buildings", Energi., 6, 5609-5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6115609.
  24. Park, W. (2013), "A study on the GA-based design for recycled aggregate concrete", Appl. Mech. Mater., 284-287, 1225-1229. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.284-287.1225.
  25. Rajasekar, A., Arunachalam, K. and Kottaisamy, M. (2019), "Assessment of strength and durability characteristics of copper slag incorporated ultra high strength concrete", J. Clean. Prod., 208, 402-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.118.
  26. Saade, M.R.M., Silva, M.G.D. and Gomes, V. (2015), "Appropriateness of environmental impact distribution methods to model blast furnace slag recycling in cement making", Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 99, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.03.011.
  27. Shi, C., Wu, Z., Lv, K. and Wu, L. (2015), "A review on mixture design methods for self-compacting concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 84, 387-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.079.
  28. Talukdar, S. and Banthia, N. (2016), "Carbonation in concrete infrastructure in the context of global climate change: Model refinement and representative concentration pathway scenario evaluation", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 28, 04015178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.079.
  29. Thomas, M. (2013), Supplementary Cementing Materials in Concrete, Boca Raton London New York, CRC Press.
  30. Wang, X.Y. and Luan, Y. (2018), "Modeling of hydration, strength development, and optimum combinations of cement-slag-limestone ternary concrete", Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater., 12, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.079.
  31. Wang, X.Y. and Park, K.B. (2017), "Analysis of the compressive strength development of concrete considering the interactions between hydration and drying", Cement Concrete Res., 102, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.010.
  32. Won, J.P., Kim, H.H., Lee, S.J. and Choi, S.J. (2015), "Carbon reduction of precast concrete under the marine environment", Constr. Build. Mater., 74, 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.010.
  33. Yang, K.H., Jung, Y.B., Cho, M.S. and Tae, S.H. (2015), "Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of CO2 emissions from concrete", J. Clean. Prod., 103, 771-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.018.
  34. Yeh, I.C. (1998), "Modeling of strength of high-performance concrete using artificial neural networks", Cement Concrete Res., 28, 1797-1808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.018.
  35. Yeh, I.C. (2007), "Computer-aided design for optimum concrete mixtures", Cement Concrete Compos., 29, 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.018.
  36. Yeo, D. and Potra, F.A. (2015), "Sustainable design of reinforced concrete structures through CO2 emission optimization", J. Struct. Eng., 141, B4014002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.018.
  37. Yoon, I.S., Copuroglu, O. and Park, K.B. (2007), "Effect of global climatic change on carbonation progress of concrete", Atmosph. Envir., 41, 7274-7285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.028.
  38. Young, B.A., Hall, A., Pilon, L., Gupta, P. and Sant, G. (2019), "Can the compressive strength of concrete be estimated from knowledge of the mixture proportions?: New insights from statistical analysis and machine learning methods", Cement Concrete Res., 115, 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.09.006.