DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Physical test and PFC2D simulation of the failure mechanism of echelon joint under uniaxial compression

  • Sarfarazi, V. (Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology) ;
  • Abharian, S. (Department of Mining and metallurgical engineering, Amirkabir university) ;
  • Ghalam, E. Zarrin (Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology)
  • Received : 2020.09.26
  • Accepted : 2021.01.05
  • Published : 2021.02.25

Abstract

Experimental and discrete element methods were used to investigate the effects of echelon non-persistent joint on the failure behaviour of joint's bridge area under uniaxial compressive test. Concrete samples with dimension of 150 mm×100 mm×50 mm were prepared. Uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete were 14 MPa and 1MPa, respectivly. Within the specimen, three echelon non-persistent notches were provided. These joints were distributed on the three diagonal plane. the angle of diagonal plane related to horizontal axis were 15°, 30° and 45°. The angle of joints related to diagonal plane were 30°, 45°, 60°. Totally, 9 different configuration systems were prepared for non-persistent joint. In these configurations, the length of joints were taken as 2 cm. Similar to those for joints configuration systems in the experimental tests, 9 models with different echelon non-persistent joint were prepared in numerical model. The axial load was applied to the model by rate of 0.05 mm/min. the results show that the failure process was mostly governed by both of the non-persistent joint angle and diagonal plane angle. The compressive strengths of the specimens were related to the fracture pattern and failure mechanism of the discontinuities. It was shown that the shear behaviour of discontinuities is related to the number of the induced tensile cracks which are increased by increasing the joint angle. The strength of samples increase by increasing both of the joint angle and diagonal plane angle. The failure pattern and failure strength are similar in both methods i.e. the experimental testing and the numerical simulation methods.

Keywords

References

  1. Asadizadeh, M. and Rezaei, M. (2019c), "Surveying the mechanical response of non-persistent jointed slabs subjected to compressive axial loading utilising GEP approach", Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 33, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1596610.
  2. Asadizadeh, M., Hossaini, M.F., Moosavi, M., Masoumi, H. and Ranjith, P.G. (2019b), "Mechanical characterisation of jointed rock-like material with non- persistent rough joints subjected to uniaxial compression", Eng. Geol., 260, 105224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105224.
  3. Asadizadeh, M., Masoumi, H., Roshan, H. and Hedayat, A. (2019a), "Coupling Taguchi and response surface methodologies for the efficient characterization of jointed rocks' mechanical properties", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 52(11), 4807-4819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01853-1.
  4. Asadizadeh, M., Moosavi, M., Hossaini, M. and Masoumi, H. (2018), "Shear strength and cracking process of non-persistent jointed rocks: An extensive experimental investigation", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 51, 415-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1328-6.
  5. Babanouri, N., Asadizadeh, M. and Hasan-Alizade, Z. (2020), "Modeling shear behavior of rock joints: A focus on interaction of influencing parameters", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 134, 104449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104449.
  6. Bahaaddini, M., Sharrock, G. and Hebblewhite, B. (2013), "Numerical investigation of the effect of joint geometrical parameters on the mechanical properties of a non-persistent jointed rock mass under uniaxial compression", Comput. Geotech., 49, 206-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.10.012.
  7. Bobet, A (2000), "The initiation of secondary cracks in compression", Eng. Fract. Mech., 66, 187-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(00)00009-6.
  8. Bobet, A. and Einstein, H. (1998), "Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 35, 863-888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(98)00005-9.
  9. Brace, W. and Byerlee, J. (1996), "Recent experimental studies of brittle fracture of rocks", Proceedings of the 8th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Minneapolis, MN, September.
  10. Cao, P., Liu, T., Pu, C. and Lin, H. (2015), "Crack propagation and coalescence of brittle rock-like specimens with preexisting cracks in compression", Eng. Geol., 187(17), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.12.010.
  11. Cao, R. and Yao, R. (2020), "Failure mechanism of non-persistent jointed rock-like specimens under uniaxial loading: Laboratory testing", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 132, 10434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104341.
  12. Chen, X., Liao, Z. and Peng, X. (2013), "Cracking process of rock mass models under uniaxial compression", J. Cent. South Univ., 20, 1661-1678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-013-1660-2.
  13. Gehle, C. and Kutter, H. (2003), "Breakage and shear behaviour of intermittent rock joints", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 40, 687-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00060-1.
  14. Ghazvinian, A., Sarfarazi, V., Schubert, W. and Blumel, M. (2012), "A study of the failure mechanism of planar non-persistent open joints using PFC2D", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 45(5), 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0233-2.
  15. Haeri, H. and Sarfarazi, V. (2016a), "The effect of micro pore on the characteristics of crack tip plastic zone in concrete", Comput. Concrete, 17(1), 107-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.1.107.
  16. Haeri, H. and Sarfarazi, V. (2016b), "The effect of non-persistent joints on sliding direction of rock slopes", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 723-737. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.723.
  17. Haeri, H. and Sarfarazi, V. (2016c), "The deformable multilaminate for predicting the elasto-plastic behavior of rocks", Comput. Concrete, 18, 201-214. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.2.201.
  18. Haeri, H., Sarfarazi, V. and Lazemi, H.A. (2016d), "Experimental study of shear behavior of planar non-persistent joint", Comput. Concrete, 17(5), 639-653. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.5.649.
  19. Hoek, E. and Bieniawski, Z. (1984), "Brittle fraeture propagation in rock under compression", Int. J. Fract., 26, 276-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00186851.
  20. Hu, J. and Wen, G. (2020), "Mechanical properties and crack evolution of double-layer composite rock-like specimens with two parallel fissures under uniaxial compression", Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 108, 102610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102610.
  21. Huang, Y.H. and Yang, S.Q. (2018), "Mechanical and cracking behavior of granite containing two coplanar flaws under conventional triaxial compression", Int. J. Damage Mech., 28(4), 590-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789518780214.
  22. Lee, H. and Jeon, S. (2011), "An experimental and numerical study of fracture coalescence in pre-cracked specimens under uniaxial compression", Int. J. Solid. Struct., 48(6), 979-999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.12.001.
  23. Lin, Q. and Cao, P. (2020a), "Mechanical behavior around double circular openings in a jointed rock mass under uniaxial compression", Arch. Civil Mech. Eng., 20(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-020-00027-z.
  24. Lin, Q. and Cao, P. (2020b), "Strength and failure characteristics of jointed rock mass with double circular holes under uniaxial compression: Insights from discrete element method modelling", Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 109, 102692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102692.
  25. Lin, Q. and Cao, P. (2020c), "Fatigue behavior and constitutive model of yellow sandstone containing pre-existing surface crack under uniaxial cyclic loading", Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 109, 102776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102776.
  26. Ma, J., Wu, S., Zhang, X.P. and Gan, Y. (2020), "Modeling acoustic emission in the Brazilian test using moment tensor inversion", Comput. Geotech., 123, 103567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103567.
  27. Potyondy, D.O. and Cundall, P.A. (2004), "A bonded-particle model for rock", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41(8), 1329-1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011.
  28. Prudencio, M. and Jan, M.V.S. (2007), "Strength and failure modes of rock mass models with non-persistent joints", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 44, 890-902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.01.005.
  29. Sarfarazi, V. and Haeri, H. (2016a), "Effect of number and configuration of bridges on shear properties of sliding surface", J. Min. Sci., 52(2), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739116020370.
  30. Sarfarazi, V., Faridi, H.R., Haeri, H. and Schubert, W. (2016b), "A new approach for measurement of anisotropic tensile strength of concrete", Adv. Concrete Constr., 3(4), 269-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acc.2015.3.4.269.
  31. Sarfarazi, V., Ghazvinian, A., Schubert, W., Blumel, M. and Nejati, H.R. (2014), "Numerical simulation of the process of fracture of Echelon rock joints", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 47(4), 1355-1371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0450-3.
  32. Sarfarazi, V., Haeri, H. and Khaloo, A. (2016c), "The effect of non-persistent joints on sliding direction of rock slopes", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 723-737. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.723.
  33. Sarfarazi, V., Haeri, H., Shemirani, A. and Zhu, Z. (2017), "Shear behavior of non-persistent joint under high normal load", Strength Mater., 49, 320-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-017-9872-6.
  34. Tang, C., Lin, P., Wong, R. and Chau, K. (2001), "Analysis of crack coalescence in rock-like materials containing three flawsPart II: Numerical approach", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 38, 925-939. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00065-X.
  35. Tiwari, R. and Rao, K. (2006), "Post failure behavior of a rock mass under the influence of triaxial and true triaxial confinement", Eng. Geol., 84, 112-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.01.001.
  36. Vallejo, L.E., Shettima, M. and Alaasmi (2013), "A unconfined compressive strength of brittle material containing multiple cracks", Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 7(3), 318-322. https://doi.org/10.1179/1938636213Z.00000000035.
  37. Wong, L.N.Y. and Einstein, H.H. (2009a), "Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and Carrara marble: Part 1. Macroscopic observations and interpretation", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 42(3), 475-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-008-0002-4.
  38. Wong, L.N.Y. and Einstein, H.H. (2009b), "Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and Carrara marble: Part 2. Microscopic observations and interpretation", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 42(3), 513-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-008-0003-3.
  39. Wong, L.N.Y. and Zhang, X.P. (2014), "Size effects on cracking behavior of flaw-containing specimens under compressive loading", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 47(5), 1921-1930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0424-5.
  40. Wu, L., Li, B., Huang, R. and Sun, P. (2017), "Experimental study and modeling of shear rheology in sandstone with non-persistent joints", Eng. Geol., 222, 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.04.003.
  41. Yang, S. and Jing, H. (2011), "Strength failure and crack coalescence behavior of brittle sandstone samples containing a single fissure under uniaxial compression", Int. J. Fract., 168, 227-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-010-9576-4.
  42. Yang, S., Huang, Y., Jing, H. and Liu, X. (2014), "Discrete element modeling on fracture coalescence behavior of red sandstone containing two unparallel fissures under uniaxial compression", Eng. Geol., 178, 28-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.06.005.
  43. Yang, S., Yang, D., Jing, H., Li, Y. and Wang, S. (2012), "An experimental study of the fracture coalescence behaviour of brittle sandstone specimens containing three fissures", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 45, 563-582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0206-x.
  44. Yang, S.Q., Liu, X.R. and Jing, H.W. (2013), "Experimental investigation on fracture coalescence behavior of red sandstone containing two unparallel fissures under uniaxial compression", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 63, 82-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.06.008.
  45. Yang, X., Kulatilake, P., Jing, H. and Yang, S. (2015), "Numerical simulation of a jointed rock block mechanical behavior adjacent to an underground excavation and comparison with physical model test results", Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 50, 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.07.006.
  46. Zhang, B., Li, S., Zhang, D., Li, M. and Shao, D. (2012), "Uniaxial compression mechanical property test, fracture and damage analysis of similar material of jointed rock mass with filled cracks", Rock Soil Mech., 33, 1647-1652. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2012.06.008
  47. Zhang, K., Cao, P., Ma, G., Wang, W., Fan, W. and Li, K. (2016), "Strength, fragmentation and fractal properties of mixed flaws", Acta Geotechnica, 11(4), 901-912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0403-y.
  48. Zhang, X. and Wong, L. (2012), "Cracking processes in rock-like material containing a single flaw under uniaxial compression: A numerical study based on parallel bonded-particle model approach", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 45, 711-737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0176-z.
  49. Zhang, X.P. and Wong, L. (2012), "Cracking processes in rock-like material containing a single flaw under uniaxial compression: a numerical study based on parallel bonded-particle model approach", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 45(5), 711-737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0176-z.
  50. Zhang, X.P., Ji, P.Q., Peng, J., Wu, S.C. and Zhang, Q. (2020), "A grain-based model considering pre-existing cracks for modelling mechanical properties of crystalline rock", Comput. Geotech., 127, 103776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103776.
  51. Zhang, X.P., Liu, Q., Wu, S. and Tang, X. (2015), "Crack coalescence between two non-parallel flaws in rock-like material under uniaxial compression", Eng. Geol., 199, 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.10.007.
  52. Zhang, X.P., Liu, Q., Wu, S. and Tang, X. (2017), "Acoustic emission characteristics of the rock-like material containing a single flaw under different compressive loading rates", Comput. Geotech., 83, 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.10.007.
  53. Zhao, W.S., Chen, W.Z. and Zhao, K. (2018), "Laboratory test on foamed concrete-rock joints in direct shear", Constr. Build. Mater., 173, 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.006.